AUTHOR=Shang Baoxiang , Duan Feiyan , Fu Ruiqi , Gao Junling , Sik Hinhung , Meng Xianghong , Chang Chunqi 

TITLE=EEG-based investigation of effects of mindfulness meditation training on state and trait by deep learning and traditional machine learning

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

VOLUME=Volume 17 - 2023

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1033420

DOI=10.3389/fnhum.2023.1033420

ISSN=1662-5161

ABSTRACT=This study examines the state and trait effect of short term mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) training using convolutional neural networks (CNN) based deep learning methods and traditional machine learning methods, including shallow and deep ConvNets as well as support vector machine (SVM) with features extracted from common spatial pattern (CSP) and filter bank CSP (FBCSP), through investigating the electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements of 11 novice MBSR practitioners (6 males, 5 females; mean age 35.7 years; 7 Asians and 4 Caucasians) during resting and meditation at early and late training stages. The classifiers are trained and evaluated using inter-subject, mix-subject, intra-subject, and subject-transfer classification strategies, each according to a specific application scenario.  For MBSR state effect recognition, trait effect recognition using meditation EEG, and trait effect recognition using resting EEG, from shallow ConvNet classifier we get mix-subject/intra-subject classification accuracies of 95.43%/98.40%, 99.81%/100.00%, and 99.88%/100.00%, respectively, which are superior to related previous studies for both novice and expert meditators with a variety of meditation types including yoga, Tibetan, and mindfulness, whereas from FBSCP+SVM classifier we get inter-subject classification accuracies of 68.50%, 85.00%, and 78.96%, respectively, which is superior for state effect recognition of novice meditators and slightly inferior but still comparable for both state and trait effects recognition of expert meditators when comparing to the literatures. This study supports previous findings that short-term meditation training has EEG-recognizable state and trait effects.