AUTHOR=Suleman Muhammad , Said Afsheen , Khan Haji , Rehman Shoaib Ur , Alshammari Abdulrahman , Crovella Sergio , Yassine Hadi M. 

TITLE=Mutational analysis of SARS-CoV-2 ORF6-KPNA2 binding interface and identification of potent small molecule inhibitors to recuse the host immune system

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=Volume 14 - 2023

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1266776

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2023.1266776

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surfaced on December 31, 2019, and was identified as the causative agent of the global COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a pneumonia-like disease. One of its accessory proteins, ORF6, has been found to play a critical role in immune evasion by interacting with KPNA2 to antagonize IFN signaling and production pathway, resulting in the inhibition of IRF3 and STAT1 nuclear translocation. Since various mutations have been observed in ORF6, therefore, a comparative binding, biophysical and structural analysis were used to reveal how these mutations affect the virus's ability to evade the human immune system. Among the identified mutations, the V9F, V24A, W27L, and I33T, were found to have a highly destabilizing effect on the protein structure of ORF6. Additionally, the molecular docking analysis of wildtype and mutant ORF6 and KPNA2 revealed the docking score of -53.72 kcal/mol for wildtype while, -267.90 kcal/mol, -258.41kcal/mol, -254.51 kcal/mol and -268.79 kcal/mol for V9F, V24A, W27L, and I33T respectively. As compared to the wildtype the V9F showed a stronger binding affinity with KPNA2 which is further verified by the binding free energy (-42.28 kcal/mol) calculation. Furthermore, to halt the binding interface of ORF6-KPNA2 complex, we used computational molecular search of potential natural products. A multi-step virtual screening of the African natural database identified top 5 compounds with best docking scores of -6.