AUTHOR=Zhou Yuhang , Han Wenjie , Feng Yun , Wang Yue , Liu Xiaolin , Sun Tao , Xu Junnan 

TITLE=Revealing gut microbiota biomarkers associated with melanoma immunotherapy response and key bacteria-fungi interaction relationships: evidence from metagenomics, machine learning, and SHAP methodology

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1539653

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2025.1539653

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=IntroductionThe gut microbiota is associated with the response to immunotherapy in cutaneous melanoma (CM). However, gut fungal biomarkers and bacterial-fungal interactions have yet to be determined.MethodsMetagenomic sequencing data of stool samples collected before immunotherapy from three independent groups of European ancestry CM patients were collected. After characterizing the relative abundances of bacteria and fungi, Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis, Random Forest (RF) model construction, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) methodology were applied to identify biomarkers and key bacterial-fungal interactions associated with immunotherapy responders in CM.ResultsDiversity analysis revealed significant differences in the bacterial and fungal composition between CM immunotherapy responders and non-responders. LEfSe analysis identified 45 bacterial and 4 fungal taxa as potential biomarkers. After constructing the RF model, the AUC of models built using bacterial and fungal data separately were 0.64 and 0.65, respectively. However, when bacterial and fungal data were combined, the AUC of the merged model increased to 0.71. In the merged model, the following taxa were identified as important biomarkers: Romboutsia, Endomicrobium, Aggregatilinea, Candidatus Moduliflexus, Colwellia, Akkermansia, Mucispirillum, and Rutstroemia, which were associated with responders, whereas Zancudomyces was associated with non-responders. Moreover, the positive correlation interaction between Akkermansia and Rutstroemia is considered a key bacterial-fungal interaction associated with CM immunotherapy response.ConclusionOur results provide valuable insights for the enrichment of responders to immunotherapy in CM patients. Moreover, this study highlights the critical role of bacterial-fungal interactions in CM immunotherapy.