AUTHOR=Su Hai , Peng Yin , Wu Yilong , Zeng Xiaoli 

TITLE=Overcoming immune evasion with innovative multi-target approaches for glioblastoma

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1541467

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2025.1541467

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=Glioblastoma (GBM) cells leverage complex endogenous and environmental regulatory mechanisms to drive proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Tumor immune evasion, facilitated by a multifactorial network, poses a significant challenge to effective therapy, as evidenced by the limited clinical benefits of monotherapies, highlighting the adaptive nature of immune evasion. This review explores glioblastoma’s immune evasion mechanisms, the role of ICIs in the tumor microenvironment, and recent clinical advancements, offering theoretical insights and directions for monotherapy and combination therapy in glioblastoma management.