AUTHOR=Navarro Quiroz Roberto , Villarreal Camacho Jose , Zarate Peñata Eloina , Bello Lemus Yesit , López-Fernández Claudio , Gomez Escorcia Lorena , Fernández-Ponce Cecilia , Rebolledo Cobos Martha , Fandiño Moreno Jennifer , Fiorillo-Moreno Ornella , Navarro Quiroz Elkin 

TITLE=Multiscale information processing in the immune system

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1563992

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2025.1563992

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=The immune system is an advanced, multiscale adaptive network capable of processing biological information across molecular, cellular, tissue, and systemic levels, demonstrating remarkable properties such as antifragility and criticality. We propose a unified theoretical framework based on six canonical functions—sensing, coding, decoding, response, feedback, and learning—that act as scale-invariant operational units, integrating molecular precision, collective cellular intelligence, and systemic coordination into coherent adaptive responses. Through this lens, immune function emerges from universal principles of complex network organization, including symmetry breaking, self-organized criticality, modularity, and small-world topology. These insights pave the way toward a predictive immunology grounded in fundamental physical principles, enabling novel computational modeling approaches and facilitating personalized therapeutic interventions that exploit inherent immunological robustness and plasticity.