AUTHOR=Schönfelder Jonathan , El Ayoubi Omar , Havryliuk Oles , Groß Rüdiger , Seidel Alina , Bakchoul Tamam , Münch Jan , Jumaa Hassan , Setz Corinna S. 

TITLE=Mimicking immune complexes for efficient antibody responses

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1570487

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2025.1570487

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=Efficient antibody responses are crucial for combating infectious diseases and vaccination remains a cornerstone of this effort. This study introduces a novel approach for enhancing immune responses in wild-type mice by utilizing pre-formed immune complexes, using the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 as a model antigen to illustrate the broader potential of the concept. Specifically, we found that pre-treating the antigen with bis-maleimide, a chemical linker that facilitates protein cross-linking, significantly enhances antibody production. Moreover, in vitro cross-linking of antigen to unrelated IgG using bis-maleimide generated immune complexes that markedly enhanced antigen-specific antibody responses, likely by mimicking natural memory-like mechanisms, suggesting that bis-maleimide pre-treated antigens may similarly engage IgG in vivo. In contrast, antigen crosslinking with IgA or IgM did not yield comparable effects, highlighting the unique capacity of IgG to boost immunogenicity. By leveraging the principles of immune memory, this study demonstrates the potential of pre-formed immune complexes to significantly enhance vaccine efficacy using an antigen-independent strategy broadly applicable to diverse pathogens.