AUTHOR=Dobrer Sabina , Sherwood Karen R. , Davis Kimberly , Lan James H. , Gill John , Matic Nancy , Keown Paul A. 

TITLE=Impact of viral load kinetics and recurrent cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplantation

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1600289

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2025.1600289

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=BackgroundWe have shown that viral load kinetics during the first cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremic episode are important predictors of kidney transplant failure. This article evaluates the incremental hazard of recurrent CMV viremia and of viral load kinetics on graft and patient survival.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 2,464 sequential kidney transplants performed between 2008 and 2018. Care was delivered according to a uniform provincial protocol, and patients were followed for up to 13 years with standardized therapy and continuous monitoring of clinical course, CMV infection, viral load kinetics, and graft and patient outcomes.Results434/2,464 (17.6%) patients (age range: 2–80 years) developed CMV infection, of whom 67/434 (15.4%) had 150 episodes of recurrent infection. Mean cumulative CMV frequency reached an asymptote of 21% at 500 days, with the highest rate (43%) in D+/R-, and lowest (1%) in D-/R- risk groups. Multinomial adjusted regression described a composite risk phenotype that included increased age, non-Caucasian race, diabetes, D+/R- status, and delayed graft function (p<0.005). Median cumulative viral load kinetic values rose progressively with the number of viremic episodes, maximum viral load rising from 3.8–5.1 log10 IU/mL, mean duration of viremia from 15–116 days, and viral AUC from 56.1–492.9 log10 IU/mL*days in patients with multiple episodes of CMV viremia. Predicted probability of graft failure and death were closely related to the cumulative duration of viremia and total viral load, with respective survival values declining to 30% and 7% in patients with elevated viremic indices and defined composite risk phenotype.ConclusionsPatients with a recurrent CMV viremia post-transplant are at exceptionally high risk of transplant failure as measured by graft loss or death, which is determined by both composite risk phenotype and CMV viral load kinetics. Conventional prophylaxis appears to be inadequate to protect these patients from recurrent infection and its serious consequences, and alternative treatment strategies, with continuous long-term monitoring and rapid, effective therapy, are vital to maximize transplant success.