AUTHOR=Zhang Wenbo , Zhang Wanhong , Wu Henghao , Han Xinsheng TITLE=Harnessing innate immunity against glioblastoma microenvironment JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025 YEAR=2025 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1648601 DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2025.1648601 ISSN=1664-3224 ABSTRACT=Glioblastoma (GBM) possesses a profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) dominated by innate immune mechanisms. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), microglia, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) constitute the major immunosuppressive axis, promoting tumor progression through cytokine secretion (IL-10, TGF-β), metabolic reprogramming, and inhibition of cytotoxic immunity. These innate immune cells not only facilitate immune evasion but also impair adaptive T-cell responses, limiting the efficacy of current immunotherapies. Emerging evidence highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting innate immunity via TAM repolarization, MDSC depletion, and NK cell activation to reshape the immunosuppressive TME. This review summarizes the pivotal role of innate immunity in GBM pathogenesis and explores novel combinatorial strategies that integrate innate immune modulation with checkpoint blockade, oncolytic virotherapy, and metabolic interventions to overcome therapeutic resistance in this lethal malignancy.