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        <title>Frontiers in Insect Science | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/insect-science</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Insect Science | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-09-07T10:44:42.52+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1887426</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1887426</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Larval diet-mediated morphological trait and Wolbachia density variation in Wolbachia-transinfected (wMel and wAlbB) and Wolbachia-free Aedes aegypti mosquitoes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Aravind Revi</author><author>Yazhini Gunasekaran</author><author>Vidhya Pachalil Thiruvoth</author><author>Amala Ramasamy</author><author>Waseema Arif</author><author>Manimaran Kuppusamy</author><author>Devi Venugopal</author><author>Kayalvizhi Ebinezar</author><author>Esther Bakianathan</author><author>Alosia Essoudasse</author><author>Pavithra Parandamane</author><author>Amrutha Vijayan</author><author>Tamilselvan Anbazhagan</author><author>Esther Nirmala Mary</author><author>Hemasankar Ramkumar</author><author>Ananganallur Nagarajan Shriram</author><author>Manju Rahi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionLarval diet plays a crucial role in mosquito development and fitness by influencing both larval and adult traits. During the aquatic stage, mosquitoes acquire essential nutrients required for successful metamorphosis and adult emergence. Interactions between larval nutrition and bacterial endosymbionts such as Wolbachia further influence mosquito development, with important implications for field-based vector control strategies.MethodsWe evaluated the effects of four larval diets on fitness characteristics of Wolbachia-transinfected and uninfected Ae. aegypti strains. The diets tested were: LD1 (fish feed), LD2 (laboratory rodent diet), LD3 (mushroom powder), and LD4 (dog biscuit plus brewer’s yeast). We assessed wing length and body weight in Wolbachia-transinfected strains (wMel and wAlbB) and uninfected strains across two generations of Ae. aegypti reared under each larval diet regimen. Additionally, Wolbachia density was measured in the transinfected Ae. aegypti strains using real-time PCR.ResultsFemale wing length was significantly influenced by the interaction between diet, Wolbachia strain, and generation (Diet × Strain × Generation: F = 3.98, P = 0.0044), together with significant Diet × Strain (F = 3.05, P = 0.0135. In contrast, male wing length was primarily affected by diet (F = 14.11, P < 0.001) and the Diet × Generation interaction (F = 5.58, P = 0.0019). Male body weight also showed a significant three-way interaction among diet, strain, and generation (F = 8.95, P < 0.001), indicating strain- and generation-specific dietary responses. Female body weight exhibited significant Diet × Strain (F = 3.43, P = 0.0069 and Strain × Generation (F = 7.79, P = 0.0012) interactions. Overall, larval diet was the primary determinant of mosquito fitness, with its effects modified by Wolbachia infection status and generation.DiscussionThis study emphasizes that larval diet significantly influences the fitness of both Wolbachia-transinfected and uninfected Aedes aegypti strains. LD1 and LD4 showed improved wing development and fitness compared to LD2 and LD3, with sex-specific effects observed. Based on the analysis, LD1 is recommended for routine mass rearing of Wolbachia trans-infected mosquitoes. These findings highlight the need for future studies on cost-effective, locally available diet formulations to optimize mosquito fitness for vector control strategies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1867923</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1867923</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Short-term temperature fluctuations show minimal effects on worker gut microbiota in Bombus terrestris under controlled conditions]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Nuria Blasco-Lavilla</author><author>Andrés García-Reina</author><author>Alejandro López-López</author><author>Pilar De la Rúa</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Insect symbionts are key contributors to many physiological traits of their hosts. The bumblebee microbiota is mainly composed of a few taxa that, although not necessary for their survival, present a long history of coevolution with their hosts, and contribute to their nutrition and defense against pathogens. Mutualistic interactions with endosymbionts can be affected by environmental factors, such as temperature. Bumblebees have the particularity of thermoregulating their nests, which might help the maintenance of these mutualisms. The aim of this study was to analyze how environmental temperature stress affects bumblebee’s microbiota composition both within the nest environment and without the effect of colony thermoregulation. We exposed Bombus terrestris workers to environmental temperatures of 9 or 38 °C (within the range of temperatures of the species habitat) for five days, both within their original colonies and in small microcolonies. Then, we returned all workers to 28°C (control temperature) for five additional days to study if microbiota composition could be restored after thermal stress in case of changes. Analyses of microbiota composition indicated that temperature treatment had a significant effect on the workers, whereas the colony environment had a significant effect on the workers after the recovery period. Post-hoc analyses indicated that the heat treatment had a greater effect on microbiota composition than the cold treatment, but none of them were significant. Our results point to a robustness of bumblebee microbiota to temperature changes. Bumblebee symbionts could have adapted to temperature changes as a result of their exposure to very variable temperatures during queen hibernation, foraging, brood incubation and ex vivo phases outside nests.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1871985</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1871985</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Tropilaelaps mercedesae: an emerging global threat to apiculture – a comprehensive review]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Mojtaba Esmaeily</author><author>Sunho Kwon</author><author>Esmaeil Babaeian</author><author>Chuleui Jung</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Honey bees (Apis spp.) are key pollinators in agricultural and natural ecosystems; however, their populations are declining due to multiple interacting stressors and their synergistic effects, including parasitic mites. While Varroa destructor is widely recognized as the primary global driver of colony losses, mites of the genus Tropilaelaps, particularly Tropilaelaps mercedesae, are emerging as a serious and still underestimated threat. Native to Asia and naturally associated with wild hosts such as Apis dorsata, T. mercedesae has successfully transitioned to managed Apis mellifera colonies and is now widespread across much of Asia. Recent reports from Central Asia and the Caucasus and western Eurasian regions (including Georgia and Russia) indicate that this species is undergoing an ongoing westward expansion toward Europe. Its biological traits—including an extremely short reproductive cycle, obligate dependence on sealed brood, high dispersal capacity, and the potential to transmit viruses such as deformed wing virus (DWV)—facilitate rapid population growth and severe colony-level damage, particularly in A. mellifera, which lacks effective behavioral defenses against this mite. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, host–parasite interactions, geographic distribution, and spread of Tropilaelaps mites, with emphasis on T. mercedesae. It also evaluates available diagnostic approaches, including brood-based methods, adult bee–based methods, and natural mite-fall techniques. Furthermore, evidence on chemical and biotechnical control strategies is summarized, and their strengths, limitations, and integration within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework are discussed. Overall, current findings highlight the urgent need to strengthen surveillance, standardize diagnostic protocols, and develop sustainable control strategies to prevent the global spread of Tropilaelaps mites.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1917728</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1917728</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The efficacy of commercially available essential oil-based candles as spatial repellents against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes – do they actually repel?]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>April D. Lopez</author><author>Claudia J. Galvan</author><author>F. Omar Holguin</author><author>Christopher J. Sroka</author><author>Immo A. Hansen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Spatial mosquito repellents contain volatile compounds that disrupt mosquito host seeking behavior. Some essential oils have been shown to be effective spatial repellents against biting insects. In this study, we acquired seven batches of commercially available candles containing mixtures of essential oils. Six of these candle labels claim that they repel mosquitoes. We used a taxis cage assay to evaluate the spatial repellency against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes of these and two control candles without essential oils. We used Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction Gas Chromotography-Mass Spectrometry analysis to identify a putative list of volatile organic compounds emitted by heated candle wax. We subsequently correlated individual compounds with spatial repellency. Three types of candles, containing mixtures of various essential oils, showed strong repellent efficacy compared to the controls, while the other three types did not produce significant repellency. The volatile organic compound composition varied between the different types of candles. Candles that were efficient mosquito repellents contained relatively high concentrations of essential oils. We identified several volatile organic compounds that are positively associated with mosquito repellency. The results of this study show that the efficacy of essential oil-based candles as mosquito repellents is based on their formulation.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1913734</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1913734</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Thermal performance curves and age-stage, two-sex life table of Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Pyroglyphidae): baseline data for climate change impact assessment]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhimin Xu</author><author>Xu Zhang</author><author>Zhibin Lin</author><author>Huiquan Lin</author><author>Yongwen Lin</author><author>Haiming Cai</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionHouse dust mites (HDMs) are major indoor allergens worldwide, with Dermatophagoides farinae being one of the most prevalent species. Temperature is a key driver of mite development, but the thermal biology of HDMs remains poorly characterized. Despite the medical importance of house dust mites, comprehensive thermal performance data across ecologically relevant temperature ranges remain limited, particularly for upper thermal thresholds that will become increasingly relevant under climate warming.MethodsWe evaluated the development, survival, and fecundity of D. farinae under five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C) at 75 ± 5% relative humidity using the age-stage, two-sex life table framework.ResultsDevelopmental duration decreased significantly from 15 to 30°C but increased at 35°C due to thermal inhibition. The shortest pre-adult development time was 19.14 days at 30°C, while the longest was 68.98 days at 15°C. Egg-to-adult survival was highest at 25°C (88.6%) and lowest at 35°C (35.7%). The net reproductive rate (R0) peaked at 25°C (33.96 offspring per female), whereas the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was highest at 30°C (0.0598 day−1), reflecting the differential contributions of fecundity versus developmental speed to population performance. D. farinae exhibits optimal development at 25–30°C, with severe thermal stress above 35°C.DiscussionThese baseline thermal performance data provide essential parameters for population models aimed at assessing climate change impacts. Our results suggest that climate warming may initially increase HDM populations in temperate regions but could restrict their distribution in areas where thermal thresholds are exceeded. These findings provide baseline data for assessing allergen exposure risks under future climate scenarios.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1912427</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1912427</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Screening, optimization and artificial recombination of dsRNA fragments for RNAi-mediated pest resistance in Apolygus lucorum]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-18T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Juan Luo</author><author>Qianqian Guo</author><author>Ruyi Hu</author><author>Mengjun Zhang</author><author>Guirong Wang</author><author>Bin Yang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[RNA interference (RNAi) is an eco-friendly strategy for pest management, with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as the core functional component. In this study, three RNAi target genes (Ubx, wupA and Dpp) with strong lethal effects on Apolygus lucorum were screened via microinjection. The 7-day cumulative mortalities were 56.67 ± 3.33% for dsUbx, 94.44 ± 1.11% for dswupA and 92.22 ± 1.11% for dsDpp. We optimized dsRNA sequences by removing conserved sequences in non-target organisms based on homology alignment and off-target risk analysis. The optimized fragments dswupA-OTE and dsDpp-OTE still exhibited high insecticidal activity, with 7-day cumulative mortalities of 77.78 ± 2.94% and 70.00 ± 1.93%, respectively. We also evaluated the effects of dsRNA length and target sites on RNAi efficiency and screened potent short dsRNA fragments. Novel artificially recombinant dsRNAs were constructed by assembling effective short fragments from different genes, which retained strong insecticidal activity despite shorter sequence length. This study verifies the feasibility of multi-target recombinant dsRNA for pest control and provides a theoretical basis for developing multi-gene RNAi technologies against A. lucorum.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1911294</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1911294</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Salivary gland microbiome of Anopheles gambiae: a mini-review of acquisition, composition, and functional significance]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Celestina O. Olafusi</author><author>Israel S. Afolabi</author><author>Olubanke O. Ogunlana</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The salivary gland (SG) is the final barrier for Plasmodium transmission to humans but remains comparatively understudied relative to the midgut microbiome. This review synthesizes current knowledge on SG microbiome acquisition routes, composition, and functional significance. Acquisition may occur via larval filter feeding, vertical (egg smearing), transstadial, or horizontal transmission during blood feeding, though their relative contributions are unknown. Compositional studies show Gram-negative genera Serratia, Elizabethkingia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Asaia predominate; Plasmodium infection correlates with increased Serratia and decreased Elizabethkingia abundance. While immune-related genes (e.g., cecropins, defensin, GNBP, SRPN6) expressed in the SG may be modulated by resident bacteria, direct evidence of their effect on sporozoite invasion remains lacking. Gram-negative bacteria trigger Toll, Imd, and JAK-STAT pathways, but emerging evidence suggests the SG may mount a distinct, locally independent immune response compared to the systemic pathway. Paratransgenesis using Asaia shows promise, yet SG-targeted effector delivery remains untested. Ecological pressures common in West Africa, including agricultural pesticides, insecticide resistance, and larval water contamination, may influence mosquito-associated bacteria, but no studies explicitly link these to the SG microbiome. Significant knowledge gaps persist, notably the absence of field studies in high-burden regions like Nigeria and the lack of experimental manipulation to establish causality. Addressing these priorities is critical to determine whether the SG microbiome can be exploited as a transmission-blocking target.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1868457</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1868457</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Novel dsRNA designs increase the stability and bioefficacy of RNAi-based pesticides for Varroa destructor]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Biko K. Muita</author><author>James E. Damayo</author><author>Emily J. Remnant</author><author>Neil A. Smith</author><author>Ian K. Greaves</author><author>Amol B. Ghodke</author><author>Nagalingam Kumaran</author><author>John M. K. Roberts</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Varroa destructor is a major global pest of the European honey bee, and RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising technology for the development of effective control tools. However, the efficacy of RNAi-based approaches remains highly variable, due in part to the rapid degradation and inefficient delivery of exogenously applied double stranded RNA (dsRNA) This study investigated whether advanced dsRNA molecular designs could improve dsRNA stability, processing, and biological outcomes in the honey bee-Varroa mite pathosystem. Loop-ended dsRNA (ledRNA) constructs incorporating either G-U wobble base-pairing or asymmetric bulge modifications were designed to target two Varroa genes: the chitin-binding protein Peritrophin-A-like (Pero) and the neuropeptide crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH). Stability assays, immersion and indirect feeding bioassays, and small RNA sequencing were used to evaluate dsRNA persistence, RNAi activity, and biological efficacy compared to conventional dsRNA. The advanced designs exhibited double the stability in sucrose feeding solutions and within adult bees compared with conventional dsRNA. In immersion and indirect feeding bioassays, these designs produced variable but enhanced effects on target gene silencing (~36-86% reduction) and mite mortality (~32-56% increase) when compared with conventional dsRNA. Small RNA sequencing revealed effective processing of the advanced dsRNA designs, with complete siRNA coverage of the target region, 22-24 nt peak size classes and antisense strand bias. Together, these results demonstrate that advanced dsRNA molecules have increased stability, effective processing, and strong efficacy in V. destructor under laboratory conditions, supporting further investigation of structurally optimized dsRNA designs for field hive applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1832786</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1832786</link>
        <title><![CDATA[No single host is optimal: effects of fruit species on development and adult performance in Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Franco Pacelli</author><author>María Josefina Ruiz</author><author>Francisco Devescovi</author><author>Ana Laura Nussenbaum</author><author>Micaela Soledad Garbalena</author><author>Guillermo Enrique Bachmann</author><author>Fabián Horacio Milla</author><author>María Teresa Vera</author><author>Diego Fernando Segura</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Many phytophagous insects develop within discrete and non-renewable resources, such as fruits, making host choice a critical determinant of offspring performance. In tephritid fruit flies, host fruit quality can strongly influence development, survival, and adult reproductive traits, yet no single host may optimize all life-history parameters. Here, we evaluated the effects of six host fruit species—native and exotic—on larval development and adult performance of the South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus, a highly polyphagous and economically important pest. Under controlled laboratory conditions, we quantified developmental time, pupal survival, adult size, ovary development, male sexual maturation, and starvation resistance. Host species significantly affected all measured traits, revealing pronounced trade-offs among life-history parameters. Guava, a native host, supported the fastest larval development but produced smaller adults with reduced ovary development and lower starvation resistance. Feijoa, another native host, behaved similarly to guava, although pupal mortality was higher and sexual maturation faster than in guava. Peach and plum consistently yielded larger adults with well-developed ovaries and higher overall performance, whereas loquat generally resulted in poorer outcomes across several traits. Grapefruit induced prolonged larval development but promoted early male sexual maturation. Heatmap and PCA analyses confirmed that no single host maximized performance across all traits. These results challenge the assumption that native hosts necessarily confer superior fitness and suggest a decoupling between host use in nature and host suitability under laboratory conditions. Our findings highlight the complexity of host–insect interactions in polyphagous fruit flies and suggest that different host species may be selectively advantageous depending on ecological context and demographic needs. Understanding these trade-offs is essential for predicting population dynamics and improving integrated management strategies for A. fraterculus.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1913379</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1913379</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Comparative transcriptomic analysis of functional and metabolic changes in mass-reared and wild Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae)]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Carlos Eduardo Aguilar-Castillo</author><author>Obdulia Lourdes Segura-León</author><author>Juan Cibrián-Tovar</author><author>Héctor González-Hernández</author><author>Juan Núñez-Farfán</author><author>Brenda Torres-Huerta</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionMass rearing for the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) may induce transcriptomic changes that influence post-release performance. We compared head transcriptomes of two mass-reared Anastrepha ludens strains, Bisexual and Tap-7, with wild individuals associated with their preferred natural host, sweet orange.MethodsRNA-seq data were analyzed to assess transcriptomic differentiation, differential gene expression, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, and chemosensory gene expression profiles among the three groups.ResultsPrincipal component analysis clearly separated the mass-reared strains from wild host-associated individuals. More than 1,300 differentially expressed genes were identified per strain, with gene repression predominating and enrichment of functions related to translation, cellular energy metabolism, RNA processing, and metabolic regulation. Both mass-reared strains shared signatures of metabolic adjustment but also displayed strain-specific patterns. The Bisexual strain showed signatures associated with stress response, immunity, and mitochondrial quality control, whereas Tap-7 showed enrichment of pathways related to calcium regulation, secretion, detoxification, and folate metabolism. Both strains also exhibited reorganization of chemosensory gene expression, including conservation of receptors and co-receptors such as Ir25a, Ir68b, Ir85a, Or74a, and SNMP1, together with convergent downregulation of odorant-binding proteins, particularly Obp56a-like and members of the Obp99 clade.DiscussionThese results indicate that mass-reared A. ludens strains exhibit a distinct head transcriptomic state relative to wild host-associated flies. The shared and strain-specific expression patterns suggest that mass rearing may be associated with metabolic and sensory changes relevant to post-release performance. The identified sensory and metabolic markers provide candidates for future behavioral, electrophysiological, and physiological evaluation of fruit fly strains used in SIT programs.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1896449</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1896449</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Traits analysis of an aphid-killing Pantoea agglomerans strain for use in biological control]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Alisa Hamidović</author><author>Nell Ghisdal</author><author>Linda Dhondt</author><author>Inès Pons</author><author>Thomas Dagbert</author><author>Mey Jerbi</author><author>Jérôme Ambroise</author><author>Bertrand Bearzatto</author><author>Jean-Luc Gala</author><author>Thierry Hance</author><author>François Renoz</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionIn crop pest control, microbial bioinsecticides are considered promising for overcoming the critical limitations of traditional chemical pesticides regarding environmental and health impact. In this study, we report a strain of Pantoea agglomerans (ELIV) lethal to black bean aphid Aphis fabae: we investigated the effects of this bacterium on aphids and host plants to test its potential as a natural insecticide. Methods and ResultsWe found that the entomopathogenic properties of P. agglomerans ELIV occur only through ingestion via oral infection assays, with no pathogenicity by contact observed via spraying tests. The bacterium does not appear to circulate within the plant after watering, remaining at the root level and having only slight effects on tested plant growth parameters. Genome analysis of P. agglomerans ELIV reveals its richness in genes encoding virulence factors, particularly iron-chelating siderophores, possibly explaining its ability to rapidly kill infected insects. DiscussionOverall, our results present the strengths and limitations of the species P. agglomerans for the development of new bioinsecticides. Although the use of P. agglomerans may be of limited interest for controlling piercing-sucking insects as they feed internally, it may be relevant against chewing insect pests, e.g. lepidopteran caterpillars and beetles.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1916560</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1916560</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Cooling rate affects supercooling points of overwintering spotted lanternfly eggs]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Brief Research Report</category>
        <author>Clarissa Dahl</author><author>Angie Ambourn</author><author>Robert C. Venette</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) is a planthopper (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) that is native to China and invasive elsewhere in Asia and North America. The insect feeds on several plants and is an emerging pest of apples, grapes, walnuts, and other hardwoods. Forecasts of the ultimate geographic distribution for L. delicatula in Asia and North America, particularly its northern latitudinal limits, are uncertain because of limited information about the cold tolerance of this insect. Cooling rate can affect supercooling point, the temperature at which bodily fluids begin to freeze and a common reference point for insect cold tolerance studies. This study measures changes in supercooling point of overwintering L. delicatula eggs in response to different cooling rates. Overwintering egg masses were collected from two field locations in Virginia, USA in November and December 2024. Supercooling points of individual eggs were measured with contact thermocouple thermometry at cooling rates of 0.033, 0.5, and 1 °C/min. The distribution of supercooling points changed with different cooling rates and were negatively related to the cooling rate. At a cooling rate of 0.033 °C/min, SCPs ranged from -28.4 to -22.9 °C and, at 1 °C/min, from -29.2 to -24.7 °C. If supercooling points reflect lethal temperatures for L. delicatula, relatively rapid cooling may slightly overestimate the cold tolerance of the insect and inflate the estimated geographic area where overwintering might be successful. Such risk-averse forecasts may be useful for biosecurity efforts.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1869625</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1869625</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Targeting elongation factor 2 in Anopheles gambiae: molecular insights and implications for malaria vector control]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Adebanke E. Ogundipe</author><author>Fabrice B. Kernyuy</author><author>Titilope M. Dokunmu</author><author>Emeka E. Iweala</author><author>Olubanke O. Ogunlana</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Malaria remains one of the most devastating infectious diseases globally, with Anopheles gambiae serving as the principal vector across sub-Saharan Africa. The effectiveness of traditional vector control methods is currently under threat due to the rapid rise of pesticide resistance, which calls for the discovery of new molecular targets. The GTP-dependent GTPase known as Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 (EF-2; encoded by AGAP009441 in An. gambiae) is essential for cellular viability because it catalyzes the translocation stage of ribosomal protein production. EF-2 was identified as an important gene in An. gambiae by machine learning-based computational screening, and RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown experimentally verified that EF-2 silencing dramatically shortens mosquito longevity (p < 0.0001). Despite the fact that EF-2 and its human homolog share about 79% of the same protein sequence, species-specific structural characteristics may provide opportunities for selective targeting. Additionally, a comparative dN/dS analysis was carried out on EF-2 across Anopheles species using the HyPhy Datamonkey platform. The dN/dS results revealed high evolutionary conservation (ω = 0.0198) and are consistent with purifying selection, but not with positive selection. The current understanding of EF-2 biology, its validation as a vector control target, suitable intervention modalities like RNA interference and small-molecule inhibition, and the major issues of selectivity, delivery, and ecological safety that need to be resolved prior to translational application are all summarized in this review. EF-2 is a promising but understudied contender whose complete potential in integrated malaria vector control necessitates immediate and ongoing research.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1869943</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1869943</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Characterization and typology of beekeeping systems: a case study in the district of Tamburco, Apurímac, Peru]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Alex Ñahui-Sayago</author><author>Delmer Zea Gonzales</author><author>Rutniss Alecy Vasquez-Onzueta</author><author>Nilton César Gómez Urviola</author><author>José Américo Saucedo-Uriarte</author><author>Lizeth A. Heredia-Vilchez</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionBeekeeping in rural regions of Peru presents considerable heterogeneity in technification and productivity, which may limit its development. This study aimed to characterize beekeeping systems and identify producer typologies associated with productive characteristics in the district of Tamburco, Apurímac, Peru.MethodsA quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted using a census sample of 34 active beekeepers. Data were collected through a structured and validated questionnaire. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, exploratory hierarchical cluster analysis, association tests, correlation analysis, and complementary multivariate analyses based on FAMD and HCPC.ResultsThe multivariate analyses identified distinct beekeeper typologies that differed in production scale, educational level, technification, and access to training. Significant associations were observed between cluster structure and several productive and sociodemographic variables, while beekeeping experience was positively associated with production scale.DiscussionOverall, the identified typologies were primarily associated with differences in production scale, technological level, and access to training. These findings may help guide extension and training strategies for beekeepers in Tamburco. Given the relatively small sample size and the cross-sectional design, the findings should be interpreted as exploratory and require validation in larger and geographically diverse populations.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1891174</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1891174</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Seasonal dynamics of honey bee pathogens and Varroa destructor infestation in South Korea: results from a National Active Surveillance Program]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jang-Hyeon Kim</author><author>Se-Ji Lee</author><author>Ji-Yeon Kim</author><author>Mi-Sun Yoo</author><author>So Youn Youn</author><author>Yun Sang Cho</author><author>Hyang-Sim Lee</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Honey bee colony losses are an increasing global concern, yet nationwide pathogen-resolved surveillance data integrating molecular diagnostics with field-based mite monitoring remain limited. This study presents the first national active surveillance program for honey bee diseases in South Korea, combining standardized field inspections with RT-qPCR-based pathogen detection. A total of 1,715 samples were collected from 107 apiaries during three seasonal surveillance rounds in 2025: Round 1 (post-overwintering; March–May), Round 2 (post-honey-harvest; July–August), and Round 3 (pre-overwintering; October–November). Both Apis mellifera and Apis cerana colonies were included in the analysis. Fourteen target honey bee pathogens were screened using RT-qPCR assays (Ct ≤ 35), and Varroa destructor infestation status in A. mellifera apiaries was evaluated through brood inspection or powdered-sugar roll testing depending on seasonal field conditions. DWV prevalence increased progressively from 70.1% in Round 1 (post-overwintering) to 90.4% in Round 2 (post-honey-harvest) and 97.0% in Round 3 (pre-overwintering), coinciding with increasing Varroa detection in A. mellifera apiaries (28.1%, 85.4%, and 87.9%, respectively). Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) also increased progressively across the three surveillance rounds (18.3%, 40.1%, and 47.7%). In contrast, black queen cell virus (BQCV), sacbrood virus (SBV), Vairimorpha spp. (formerly Nosema spp.), and chalkbrood showed declining trends toward autumn. Co-infection patterns shifted seasonally. Although the mean number of detected pathogens per sample decreased from 2.76 to 2.02, co-detection of DWV and IAPV increased markedly from 15.3% to 47.0%. In A. cerana apiaries, SBV remained highly prevalent throughout the surveillance rounds. These findings indicate that the late-season expansion of the Varroa–DWV–IAPV complex represents a major epidemiological feature of Korean apiculture and coincides with the critical period of winter-bee production. This nationwide surveillance framework provides an evidence-based foundation for seasonal honey bee disease management and optimized timing of Varroa control interventions in temperate apicultural systems.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1869174</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1869174</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Potential for gene silencing by piwi-interacting RNA in three lepidopterans]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Santosh Poudel</author><author>Kevin Quito</author><author>Mosharrof Mondal</author><author>Kiran Nawaz</author><author>William Benjamin Walker</author><author>Alex Sutton Flynt</author>
        <description><![CDATA[RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising strategy for insect pest control, yet its application in lepidopterans is hindered by insensitivity to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Here, we investigate the piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway as an alternative, mechanistically distinct gene silencing system in Spodoptera frugiperda, Plutella xylostella, and Cydia pomonella. Small RNA profiling revealed that piRNAs (26–30nt) are the predominant class across all species, marked by strong ping-pong signatures and extensive genomic distribution. Notably, abundant somatic expression, including in gut tissues, indicates that ubiquitous, endogenous piRNA populations may be able to initiate processing of exogenous RNA substrates. To test this possibility, synthetic piRNA-trigger constructs were found to induce gene silencing in Sf9 cells. Further, this approach to gene silencing offers opportunities for nucleic acid engineering, which we demonstrate by incorporating G-quadruplex structures that can enhance RNA stability. Together, these findings establish piRNAs as the dominant small RNA pathway in these lepidopterans and provide a mechanistic and design framework for next-generation RNA-based biopesticides.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1856335</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1856335</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Checklist of edible insects and their marketability: improving rural livelihood in Imo State, Nigeria via insect consumption and marketing]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>John I. Iwunze</author><author>Bertram E. B. Nwoke</author><author>Micheal O. Nwachukwu</author><author>Venatius C. S. Ubah</author><author>Gerald M. Ugagu</author><author>Nnedinma N. Nnodim</author><author>Murphy C. Nwoke</author><author>Ozioma P. Ugwuegbulam</author><author>Chizoba Chidera Amaechi</author><author>Onyinyechi C. Ndubueze</author><author>Samuel M. Dadi</author><author>Kelechi K. Okwara</author><author>Gospel U. Nzewuihe</author><author>Udoaku C. Egbe</author><author>Williams Nongu</author><author>Onyinyechi G. John</author><author>Goodluck E. Alisi</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe consumption of edible insects (EIs) as food has been a long tradition for some populations worldwide. They are sold in markets found in the rural and urban areas of Imo State, Nigeria. Data on the economic value, marketing, and utilization of EIs are limited, particularly in Southeast Nigeria where the study was conducted. This study is necessary for the provision of data on effective marketing and utilization of EIs in order to determine their sustainability in relation to the current market system.MethodsThis study investigated the marketability of some EIs as a means of improving rural livelihood in Imo State, Nigeria. Data were collected using structured and validated questionnaires administered interpersonally to 60 respondents/EI marketers in the selected markets. Descriptive and inferential methods were employed in data analysis.ResultsThe study revealed that four species of EIs were sold: Macrotermes species (35.0%), Gonimbrasia belina (30.0%), Rhynchophorus species (25.0%), and Anaphae species (10.0%), with more than one species sold by marketers (43.8%). EIs were primarily obtained from the wild (68.3%) and were sold mainly for consumption (91.7%); marketing is dominated by women (91.7%). The supply of insects is irregular and seasonality is a major constraint (51.7%). Macrotermes species (termites) had the highest significant mean quality per marketer (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in mean quality per marketer of G. belina, Rhynchophorus, and Anaphae species (p < 0.05).DiscussionThe study concluded that EI marketing is a promising venture that needs attention. Policy intervention that will facilitate mass production/domestication of EIs and modern technical skills on harvesting is recommended.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1883891</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1883891</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa (Hemiptera: Aphididae): ecology and implications for the integrated management of banana bunchy top disease]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Geofrey Ogwal</author><author>Walter Ocimati</author><author>Elizabeth Kearsley</author><author>Guy Blomme</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionBanana bunchy top disease (BBTD), caused by the banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), poses a growing threat to banana production in Africa and is spread locally by the banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa. Effective BBTD management requires better understanding of aphid habitat, dispersal, response to farm operations, and practical aphid vector and disease control options.MethodsThis study integrated field assessments, field experiments, and a laboratory trial in Uganda to characterize aphid ecology and refine integrated pest and disease management.ResultsAphids were highly cryptic, occurring mainly between leaf sheaths and on lower and middle pseudostem sections. Though winged aphids were mostly associated with larger aphid colonies they occurred across all colony sizes, indicating that even small colonies may contribute to BBTV spread. Sticky traps showed winged aphids to actively disperse throughout fields, with flights often extending beyond adjacent mats. Mechanical disturbance, simulating farm activities such as de-trashing and roguing, strongly increased movement of both winged and wingless aphids and occasionally flight, which could potentially increase BBTV transmission risk in case aphids are viruliferous. Aphids persisted on cut and disposed pseudostem pieces, especially under shaded conditions, but not on corms. In laboratory assays, aphids preferred leaf tissue, although field colonies were mainly pseudostem-associated. Spraying with a 1% laundry soap solution rapidly reduced both winged and wingless aphid populations within 30 minutes to two hours, with populations remaining low for up to two weeks on de-trashed plants.DiscussionThese findings show that BBTD management should target hidden pseudostem colonies, minimize aphid dispersal during plant disturbance, apply soap spray before or immediately after de-trashing infected plants or infected mat removal, and rapidly bury infected pseudostems and leaves while drying corm pieces separately. The study provides practical refinements for smallholder-oriented BBTD integrated management.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1872725</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1872725</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Evaluation of CPP and LDH nanocarriers for dsRNA efficiency in Brassicogethes aeneus]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Triin Kallavus</author><author>Ly Porosk</author><author>Liina Soonvald</author><author>Apurva Vikas Sabnis</author><author>Silva Vilumets</author><author>Riina Kaasik</author><author>Jonathan Willow</author><author>Clauvis Nji Tizi Taning</author><author>Kristof De Schutter</author><author>Margus Pooga</author><author>Eve Veromann</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates two nanocarrier systems, clay-based magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) and the cell-penetrating peptide PepFect14 (PF14), for delivering double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting the αCOP gene in Brassicogethes aeneus. Both carriers successfully formed stable complexes and protected dsRNA from degradation under simulated gut conditions. PF14 produced small, uniform nanoparticles (<120 nm), whereas MgAl-LDH generated substantially larger particles (~416 nm), potentially limiting cellular uptake. Feeding assays revealed that naked dsRNA caused high mortality (93% by day 12), while PF14-complexed dsRNA induced substantial mortality (70%) with a delayed onset. In contrast, MgAl-LDH-complexed dsRNA achieved only 22% mortality despite providing strong protection against degradation. mRNA expression analysis at day 3 and 6 showed moderate, statistically insignificant early αCOP downregulation, consistent with delayed intracellular processing. At higher concentrations (600 ng/µL), naked dsRNA strongly suppressed αCOP transcripts (100%), whereas MgAl-LDH complexes produced only modest knockdown (63.6%). Overall, these findings suggest that while MgAl-LDH offer robust dsRNA stabilization, its delivery efficiency may be constrained by particle size and gut physiology. PF14 demonstrates promise as a carrier enabling sustained delivery with delayed onset, whereas MgAl-LDH requires higher dsRNA doses to achieve comparable effects. Carrier selection should balance dsRNA stability with timely release and account for species-specific gut barriers to optimize RNAi-based pest control strategies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1862257</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/finsc.2026.1862257</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Expression and RNAi characterization of neuropeptides underlying developmental regulation in the Colorado potato beetle]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Emma E. Terris</author><author>Sophie M. Verkoulen</author><author>Russell L. Groves</author><author>Steven Moen</author><author>Sean D. Schoville</author><author>Morgan Weissner</author><author>Umut Toprak</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Neuropeptides are evolutionarily ancient signaling molecules that act through diverse G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways to coordinate essential physiological and behavioral processes in insects. Despite their broad functional importance, the specific roles, receptor interactions, and regulatory mechanisms of individual neuropeptides remain underexplored, limiting our understanding of how these signaling systems operate across developmental and physiological contexts. In this study, we characterized transcript expression of five functionally diverse neuropeptides and one GPCR across Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) tissues and life stages and subsequently knocked down the glycoprotein hormone subunit alpha 2 (GPA2) and its cognate receptor with glycoprotein hormone subunit beta 5 (GPB5), leucine-rich repeat-containing GPCR 1 (LGR1), for phenotypic investigation. Expression analyses revealed broad and tissue-specific variation among neuropeptides across developmental stages. No significant patterns in mortality, larval weight, or defoliation were detected following dsRNA-mediated knockdown of GPA2 or LGR1 via injection, though in the feeding trial third instar larvae given LGR1 dsRNA weighed significantly more and showed reduced defoliation rates compared the control. State-transition modeling identified significant effects of GPA2 and LGR1 knockdown on developmental timing, specifically during pupal-adult and larval-pupal-adult transitions, respectively, with time in life stage emerging as a key predictor of overall survival. These findings suggest a potential hormonal role for the GPA2-LGR1 signaling system in regulating developmental progression and stabilizing life-stage transitions in L. decemlineata.]]></description>
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