AUTHOR=Prilutsky Boris I. , Parker Jessica , Cymbalyuk Gennady S. , Klishko Alexander N. 

TITLE=Emergence of Extreme Paw Accelerations During Cat Paw Shaking: Interactions of Spinal Central Pattern Generator, Hindlimb Mechanics and Muscle Length-Depended Feedback

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2022

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/integrative-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnint.2022.810139

DOI=10.3389/fnint.2022.810139

ISSN=1662-5145

ABSTRACT=Cat paw shaking is a spinal reflex for removing an irritating stimulus from paw by developing extremely high paw accelerations. Previous studies of paw shaking revealed a proximal-to-distal gradient of hindlimb segmental velocities/accelerations, as well as complex inter-joint coordination: passive motion-dependent interaction moments acting on distal segments are opposed by distal muscle moments. However, mechanisms of developing extreme paw accelerations during paw shaking remain unknown. We hypothesized that paw shaking mechanics and muscle activity might correspond to a whip-like mechanism of energy generation and transfer along the hindlimb. We first demonstrated in experiments with five adult female cats that during paw shaking, energy generated by proximal muscle moments was transmitted to distal segments by joint forces. This energy transfer was mostly responsible for the segmental velocity/acceleration proximal-to-distal gradient. Distal muscle moments mostly absorbed energy of the distal segments. We then developed a neuromechanical model of hindlimb paw shaking comprised a half-center CPG, activating hip flexors and extensors, and passive viscoelastic distal muscles that produced length/velocity-dependent force. The model simulated a whip-like mechanism, in which energy generated by the proximal hindlimb muscles propagated to the distal segments and increased their velocity/acceleration. The model reproduced the proximal-to-distal velocity/acceleration gradient, energy transfer by joint forces and energy absorption by distal muscle moments, as well as atypical co-activation of ankle and hip flexors with knee extensors. We concluded that extreme paw accelerations during paw shaking result from interactions between a half-center CPG, hindlimb mechanical properties and muscle length/velocity-dependent feedback that tunes limb viscoelastic properties.