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        <title>Frontiers in Malaria | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/malaria</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Malaria | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-04-04T06:22:17.560+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1751312</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1751312</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Non-linear effects of parasite density on symptom burden and hematologic indices in pediatric Plasmodium falciparum malaria]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Olugbenga Ayodeji Mokuolu</author><author>Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir</author><author>George Oche Ambrose</author><author>Joseph Oladele Ole</author><author>Toluwani Mokuolu</author><author>Lukman Lawal</author><author>Adegboyega Joshua Agboola</author><author>Kafayat Oluwafunke Suleiman</author><author>Selimat Ibrahim</author><author>Samuel Whyte Jegede</author><author>Alexander Idu Entonu</author><author>Abdur-Rasheed Opeyemi Makinde</author><author>Okikiola Sobuur Fagbolade</author><author>Aroniyo Opeyemi Omolehin</author><author>Fuhad Damilola Azeez</author><author>Daniel Oluwagbenga Abegunde</author><author>Rahmatullah Ahuoiza Ogirima</author><author>Kolawole Temidayo Ajayi</author><author>Oluwaseun Oluwafemi Ayorinde</author><author>Akinmeji Kateanah Ibukun</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThe clinical and hematologic manifestations of pediatric Plasmodium falciparum malaria vary across transmission settings, and the extent to which parasite density predicts symptom burden and routine laboratory abnormalities at first presentation remains uncertain. This study aimed to characterize the non-linear associations between parasite density, clinical symptom burden, and hematologic indices among children with acute P. falciparum malaria using spline-based regression models.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 357 Nigerian children aged 6 months to 10 years with microscopy-confirmed malaria at enrollment prior to treatment initiation. Twenty-one symptoms were recorded with graded severity, and parasite density was log-transformed for analysis. Non-linear associations were modeled using natural cubic splines within generalized regression frameworks, adjusting for axillary temperature and smear density unit where appropriate. Hemoglobin, platelet, and white blood cell counts were examined using spline-based linear models.ResultsHeadache and vomiting were the most frequently reported symptoms, and most presentations were clinically mild. Parasite density demonstrated a non-linear positive association with overall symptom burden. Higher parasite densities were associated with greater symptom severity and an upward trend in total symptom count, with an increased likelihood of severe symptoms observed in the upper density range. No significant association was identified between parasite density and anemia severity or severe hematologic events. In contrast, thrombocytopenia showed a strong density-dependent association and moderate discriminatory performance. Hemoglobin and white blood cell counts demonstrated weak and non-significant relationships with parasite density.ConclusionsAt initial presentation, parasite density is non-linearly associated with increased clinical symptom burden, while thrombocytopenia emerges as a sensitive hematologic correlate of contemporary parasitemia. Hemoglobin and white blood cell counts appear to be poor real-time proxies of parasite load. Integrating structured symptom grading with platelet counts may enhance early triage and risk stratification in resource-limited endemic settings.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1776838</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1776838</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Addressing contemporary threats to global malaria control: new tools and strategies]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Annette Elizabeth Kaiser</author><author>Louisa Alexandra Messenger</author><author>Richard Oxborough</author><author>Nancy Stephen Matowo</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1693543</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1693543</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Stakeholders’ perceptions, acceptability, and sustainability of a larviciding intervention in Tanga Region, Tanzania]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Fadhila Kihwele</author><author>Tegemeo Gavana</author><author>Denis Kailembo</author><author>Elizabeth Kasagama</author><author>Charles Dismas Mwalimu</author><author>Jubilate Bernard</author><author>Best Yoram</author><author>Leah Ndekuka</author><author>Stella Kajange</author><author>Samwel Lazaro</author><author>Noela Kisoka</author><author>Prosper Chaki</author><author>Christian Lengeler</author><author>Angel Dillip</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundIn 2019, the Government of Tanzania endorsed the countrywide implementation of mosquito larviciding to complement insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) as vector control interventions. Between 2022 and 2024, a large-scale pilot project covering a population of over 1 million individuals was implemented in the Tanga Region, in the northeast of the country. The program was implemented entirely by the government system and made use of community-owned resource persons (CORPs). This manuscript presents the key results of a qualitative study assessing the perceptions and awareness of the stakeholders and the acceptability, facilitating factors, barriers, and sustainability of the intervention. Companion publications report on the operations, entomological and epidemiological impacts, and costs of the program.MethodologyThis cross-sectional qualitative study used in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) to assess perceptions, acceptability, and sustainability regarding larviciding. A total of 44 IDIs were conducted with government officials who oversaw project implementation. In addition, 13 FGDs were held with 156 community participants(72 CORPs involved in larviciding activities and 84 other community members). Data were analyzed using framework analysis.ResultsThe study findings showed that community-based larviciding was perceived as safe, acceptable, effective, feasible, and sustainable. However, several key challenges were identified, including the unpleasant smell of the larvicide, the CORP turnover, logistic problems, and discontinuous implementation.ConclusionThe pilot larviciding intervention implemented in the Tanga Region was perceived as safe, effective, feasible, and sustainable, and was widely accepted by the community. However, addressing key operational challenges such as the unpleasant odor of the larvicide, high CORP turnover, logistical constraints, and discontinuous implementation will be essential to ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of future large-scale rollouts.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1687355</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1687355</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Prevalence and Plasmodium species distribution of asymptomatic malaria parasitemia among blood donors at the Lilongwe blood transfusion center]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Collins Bowa</author><author>Ndagha Kalonga</author><author>Benjamin Mbonshi</author><author>Lungowe Sitali</author><author>Joseph Simwela</author><author>Evarister Kudowa</author><author>Amazing-Grace Tepeka</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundBlood transfusions are vital for treating anemia, yet in malaria-endemic regions such as Malawi, the risk of infection transmission remains significant. Owing to constrained resources and infrastructure, many blood centers have inadequate capacity for malaria detection, leading to the absence of routine screening protocols. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasitemia, identify Plasmodium species, and investigate associated factors among blood donors at the Lilongwe Centre of the Malawi Blood Transfusion Service (MBTS).MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional research design conducted at the Lilongwe Branch of the Malawi Blood Transfusion Service, a pivotal center for blood collection and distribution in Malawi’s central region. The research focused on a population of voluntary asymptomatic blood donors who presented themselves at designated donation centers. The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasitemia was determined using two methods: Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for detecting Plasmodium falciparum parasites and microscopic analysis for confirmation and identification of other Plasmodium species, along with density quantification. Identification of factors associated with malaria transmission among blood donors was done using structured questionnaire. The study was conducted over a two-week period at the MBTS, with data analysis performed using R version 4.3.1, with statistical significance set at p-value < 0.05.ResultsThe study identified an overall malaria prevalence of 13.5% (51/377) among the participants, with 13.4% (9/67) of females and 13.5% (42/310) of males testing positive. Of the positive cases, 85.4% (41/48) were due to Plasmodium falciparum, 8.3% (4/48) were mixed infections of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae, and 6.3% (3/48) were solely Plasmodium malariae. Significant demographic factors influencing species distribution included age, occupation and residence. Other significant factors were blood group, repellent use, and travel history. A multivariate logistic regression model was used, but no significant associations were identified at the 0.05 significance level.ConclusionThe detection of a substantial burden of asymptomatic malaria parasitemia among blood donors highlights a potential risk for transfusion-transmitted malaria in Malawi. This finding underscores the urgent need to strengthen malaria screening protocols and diagnostic capacity within blood transfusion services.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1667330</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1667330</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Genomic dynamics of clinical Plasmodium vivax: comparative genomic hybridization in severe malaria cases]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sampreeti Tahbildar</author><author>Pon Arunachalam Boopathi</author><author>Sanjay Kumar Kochar</author><author>Dhanpat Kumar Kochar</author><author>Mohamed Aiyaz</author><author>Raja C. Mugasimangalam</author><author>Sudha N. Rao</author><author>Ashis Das</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundCopy number variations (CNVs) in the Plasmodium vivax genome can influence key parasite traits such as erythrocyte invasion, immune evasion, drug resistance, and survival in the human host. Their potential role in severe manifestations of P. vivax malaria, such as cerebral malaria (CM) remains underexplored. In regions like India, where P. vivax is endemic, understanding genomic factors that contribute to disease severity is crucial. Given the limited understanding of genomic factors contributing to disease severity in P. vivax, this study aims to investigate genome-wide CNVs in clinical isolates from patients with cerebral and uncomplicated malaria.MethodsWe employed a high-resolution, custom-designed 2 × 400K tiling microarray for array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), using probes with an average spacing of 56 base pairs covering the entire P. vivax genome. Genomic DNA from cerebral malaria isolates was differentially labeled and hybridized against reference DNA from uncomplicated malaria isolates. CNVs were inferred based on fluorescence intensity ratios, indicating chromosomal regions with copy number gains or losses.ResultsUtilizing probes based on the P. vivax Sal-1 reference genome, we detected significant CNVs across all 14 chromosomes, affecting 2,138 genes. CNVs ranged from 100 bp to approximately 1,429 kb in cerebral malaria isolates compared to uncomplicated cases. Altered regions having gains or losses included genes encoding surface antigens such as 6-cysteine proteins, tryptophan-rich antigens (TRAGs), serine-repeat antigen (SERA), apical membrane antigen (AMA), as well as drug resistance markers. The most extensive CNV spanned ~1,450 kb on chromosome 12. CNVs were also observed in intergenic regions, suggesting potential regulatory impacts.DiscussionThis study identifies CNVs in the genome of P. vivax isolates from cerebral malaria cases, in genes involved in immune evasion, drug resistance, and host-pathogen interactions. Although the precise impact of these CNVs on disease severity remains unclear, the findings highlight genetic differences between isolates from severe and uncomplicated malaria cases, including variations in intergenic regions. These findings emphasize the need to further investigate CNVs that may contribute to P. vivax pathogenesis and resistance. A deeper understanding of these variations could aid in identifying biomarkers for severe disease and support the development of more effective malaria control and treatment strategies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1725748</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1725748</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Women in malaria research]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Alena Pance</author><author>Elena Gómez-Díaz</author><author>Sarah Reece</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1604498</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1604498</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Efficacy of low-dose primaquine plus artemether-lumefantrine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax in the Solomon Islands: a randomised clinical trial]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Clinical Trial</category>
        <author>Robert James</author><author>Thomas Obadia</author><author>Lyndes Wini</author><author>Albino Bobogare</author><author>Sarah Charnaud</author><author>Shazia Ruybal-Pesántez</author><author>Caitlin Bourke</author><author>Jacob E. Munro</author><author>Brioni R. Moore</author><author>Madhu Page-Sharp</author><author>Laurens Manning</author><author>Urijah Liligeto</author><author>Sophie G. Zaloumis</author><author>J. Kevin Baird</author><author>Harin Karunajeewa</author><author>Ivo Mueller</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundPrimaquine (PQ) remains the only 8-aminoquinoline endorsed by the WHO for treatment of latent Plasmodium vivax liver-stage parasites. PQ is a prodrug, with metabolism and therapeutic activity influenced by inherent human CYP2D6 polymorphisms and by poorly understood interactions with variably co-administered blood schizontocidal therapies. With widespread chloroquine resistance in P. vivax, radical cure now requires use of one of several artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs).MethodsFrom September 2017 to February 2019, a randomised clinical trial was conducted in Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PQ (0·25 mg/kg/day × 14 days) given concurrently with standard doses of either dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (DP) or artemether–lumefantrine (AL). A relapse control arm received AL without PQ. The 384 enrolled subjects were followed for 180 days to assess efficacy against relapse, along with CYP2D6 genotyping, methaemoglobin monitoring, and measurement of PQ absorption and metabolism.ResultsBoth PQ treatment arms had significantly reduced rates of current P. vivax parasitamiea (PQ-AL: HR=0·50, CI95[0·33–0·75], PQ-DP: HR=0·34, CI95[0·22–0·52] P < 0·001) relative to no PQ. However, neither regimen provided adequate clinical efficacy (PQ-AL: 43·7%, PQ-DP: 34·1%). No significant differences were observed between PQ-AL and PQ-DP in CYP2D6 genotype-predicted activity scores, methaemoglobin levels, or concentrations of PQ and its metabolites (5,6-OQ and CPQ) on day 7 post-initation of dosing.ConclusionsThe dose of PQ administered in this study appears equally inadequate when used in combination with either DP or AL for radical cure. Higher PQ doses are required for effective radical cure in the Western Pacific, where PQ-tolerant Chesson-like strains still appear to commonly occur.Clinical trial registrationhttps://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372150, identifier ANZCTR 12617000329369, Universal Trial Number (UTN) U1111-1191-4968.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1553466</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1553466</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Specificity and kinetics of human candidate cerebral malaria biomarkers in mice]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Cláudia Gomes</author><author>Lizeth Chicas</author><author>Kelly A. Crotty</author><author>Isaac Salzano</author><author>Davidi Tawfiles</author><author>Ana Rodriguez</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Cerebral malaria (CM) is a complication of infection with Plasmodium falciparum that can lead to cognitive sequelae and death. The diagnosis of CM is based on clinical criteria, which leads to frequent misdiagnosis as it is confused with other infections that induce coma in children. There is currently no possibility of early diagnosis of this complication, since CM is only identified after the presentation of neurological signs, which greatly decreases treatment success and also precludes the analysis of patient’s early samples for the identification of predictive/prognostic biomarkers. Here we have used the mouse model for CM (infection with Plasmodium berghei-ANKA) and compared it to a non-CM model (infection with P. berghei-NK65) to evaluate the early kinetics and specificity of two candidate biomarkers that are elevated in the plasma of patients with CM: Angiopoietin-2 and Angiopoietin-like 4. The mouse experimental CM (ECM) model allows for the study of the biomarker’s kinetics throughout infection, starting before neurological signs are evident, and for their specificity for ECM as compared to the non-cerebral model. Our results indicate that, similar to findings in P. falciparum malaria patients, Angiopoietin-2 and Angiopoietin-like-4 are significantly elevated in plasma during P. berghei infection in mice. In mice infected with P. berghei-NK65 there was a direct correlation with the levels of parasitemia, suggesting that this may be contributing to the increased levels of both candidate biomarkers during infection, however this was not observed in P. berghei-ANKA infected mice. In these mice, a high proportion developed ECM and showed elevated levels of Angiopoietin-like 4, which were not observed in mice with non-cerebral infections. Angiopoietin-like 4 levels were directly correlated with severity of ECM. This observation is similar to previous findings in human malaria patients and provide basis for the use of mice as a model to investigate early kinetics and specificity of potential biomarkers for human severe and cerebral malaria.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1620450</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1620450</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Molecular polymorphism of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein domain II from Nicaragua, and global diversity patterns]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>René Ortega-Monroy</author><author>Hugo A. Tomasini-Ovilla</author><author>Frida Santillan-Valenzuela</author><author>Alberto Montoya</author><author>Lilia Gonzalez-Ceron</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundPlasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein domain II (PvBDPII) is a promising vaccine candidate due to its crucial role in reticulocyte invasion. However, polymorphism is a concern as it may confer evasion of blocking antibodies. In this study, nucleotide and protein polymorphism were analyzed in parasites collected during a decline in malaria cases in Nicaragua.MethodsGenomic DNA was extracted from P. vivax blood samples obtained from symptomatic patients in Nicaragua during 2012–2013. The PvdbpII gene was amplified and sequenced, and genetic structure, genealogical relationships, and amino acid polymorphism were analyzed. For comparison and to elucidate global variation of this gene, homologous sequences from other geographical regions were included.ResultsSixty-three consensus sequences from Nicaragua were obtained, revealing 12 non-synonymous mutations and 6 haplotypes (Hd=0.704). Nucleotide diversity was lower (π=0.0044) than in other endemic regions. The Z test of selection (dN/dS) was positive (3.17; p < 0.001), similar to parasite populations worldwide (Latin America, Middle East, Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, Papua New Guinea). Network analysis revealed that Nicaraguan pvdbpII haplotypes differed by 3–12 mutational steps. High-frequency haplotypes from six other Latin American countries were shared, showing signs of diversification and limited population structure. Five Nicaraguan haplotypes corresponded to the 10 most frequent globally. Haplotypes defined solely by amino acid changes at positions 417, 437, and 503 were of the Sal-I type (NWI), NWK, and KRK. These, along with KRI, were shared across most regions at varying frequencies. Based on these variations, two main divergent groups were identified.ConclusionsThe low diversity observed in pvdbpII suggests a population contraction aligning with the decline of malaria cases in Nicaragua during the sampling period. The PvDBPII haplotypes found may represent those best adapted in Nicaragua and in other endemic regions globally, encompassing both Sal-I-related and divergent types. It would be beneficial to assess the ability of the most frequent and persistent haplotypes to elicit phenotype-transcending immunity, which is critical for the development of a multicomponent vaccine and for monitoring its effectiveness.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1582682</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1582682</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Knowledge, beliefs and adherence to antimalarial medications among patients in the Ga East Municipality of Ghana]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-08-28T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Michelle Akua Amoako</author><author>Victor Collins Wutor</author><author>Benoit Banga N’guessan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Treatment adherence is necessary for several reasons, including preventing the development of resistance and avoiding progression to a severe form of the disease. This study explored patients’ beliefs and their impact on adherence to antimalarial medications (orthodox and herbal medicines). A cross-sectional survey was conducted over three weeks in the Ga East Municipal District of Ghana. The study involved 346 participants and employed comprehensive questionnaires to gather data, which was analyzed using STATA version 14. Despite the high prevalence of malaria in the district, adherence to antimalarial medication remained a challenge. The study revealed varying opinions among participants regarding the safety and efficacy of different antimalarial treatments. The research highlighted the connection between patients’ beliefs, age, knowledge, and adherence. Younger individuals showed higher adherence rates, emphasizing the need for age-specific interventions. Comprehensive knowledge also correlated with better adherence, highlighting the role of education. The study recommended the development of tailored educational campaigns that address misconceptions and foster trust between healthcare providers and patients. Innovative interventions, such as mobile phone-based reminders and incentives, were suggested to improve adherence. The research emphasized the importance of holistic malaria prevention strategies, including robust educational initiatives, targeted interventions in hotspot districts, and widespread distribution of insecticide-treated nets. The study’s insights offer actionable recommendations to enhance malaria control efforts in the Ga East Municipal District and beyond.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1460491</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1460491</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Dynamic shift of malaria cases in northwest Ethiopia: a 10-year retrospective cohort data analysis from 2012 to 2021]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Aberham Abere</author><author>Solomon Ayalew</author><author>Bealemlay Wondale</author><author>Fentahun Tigabu</author><author>Nigus Gizachew</author><author>Takele Tesfaye</author><author>Getnet Ayalew</author><author>Banchamlak Tegegne</author><author>Mulat Yimer Melaku</author><author>Yibeltal Aschale</author><author>Adane Tilahun</author><author>Mebratu Tamir</author><author>Fentahun Megabiaw</author><author>Tegegne Eshetu</author><author>Adane Derso</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundDespite the WHO’s extensive efforts to eliminate malaria from sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, it remains the most serious public health issue, with seasonal variations and high mortality. This study aimed to assess the 10-year trend in the prevalence of malaria in northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA retrospective study was carried out at the Maraki Health Center, northwest Ethiopia. Blood film results from a 10-year period (from January 2012 to December 2021) were recorded using a data extraction sheet, with data sourced from a laboratory logbook. The 10-year trend of malaria incidence was observed by year, month, and season, with respect to age and gender. The species distribution of the causative agents was determined in the study area.ResultsOver 10 years, 15,978 blood films were requested for malaria diagnosis, and 57.5% were from male respondents. Approximately 68.0% of the respondents were under the age group of 15 years old. The mean prevalence rate of malaria was 25.2% (n = 4,019) (95% CI: 23.83–26.59). The highest peaks of total malaria cases were observed in 2012 and October, whereas the lowest peaks were observed in 2016 and April (mean annual case = 401.9). Plasmodium falciparum was the dominant malaria species throughout the 10-year study period. The highest and lowest Plasmodium vivax counts were observed in 2012 and 2018, respectively.ConclusionThe study revealed a drop in annual transmission rates in 2016–2017; however, to date, there has been a gradual rise. Moreover, shifts in the predominant malaria species were observed in 2012, 2014, and 2015, with P. falciparum as the dominant species. Sustained efforts are still essential to decrease the transmission of malaria to a level where it no longer threatens public health.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1621965</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1621965</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Efficacy of the spatial repellent SC Johnson Mosquito Shield™ against anophelines in free-flight chambers, semi-field systems, experimental huts, and in-home tests]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Johnson K. Swai</author><author>Watson S. Ntabaliba</author><author>Hassan A. Ngonyani</author><author>Noely O. Makungwa</author><author>Antony P. Mseka</author><author>Saphina H. Ngoyani</author><author>Ibrahim S. Kibwengo</author><author>Ahmadi B. Mpelepele</author><author>Jason D. Moore</author><author>Madeleine R. Chura</author><author>Thomas M. Mascari</author><author>Sarah J. Moore</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundEvaluation of vector control tools follows a phased approach, progressing from laboratory studies to semi-field trials in experimental huts, and finally to small-scale (in-home test) and large-scale (randomized control trials) field evaluations under user conditions. Method selection depends on the specific data objectives.MethodsWe assessed the entomological efficacy of the transfluthrin-based spatial repellent product SC Johnson Mosquito Shield™ in free-flight chambers, semi-field and field experimental hut trials, and an in-home test against Afrotropical malaria vectors. We focused on efficacy endpoints and mosquito collection methods to inform evidence-based evaluation of spatial repellents.ResultsMosquito Shield reduced number of mosquitoes blood-feeding and landing, and also induced mortality, exophily, and deterrence at different magnitudes across the testing methods. However, not all endpoints were measurable with every method. Landing reductions were measured using human landing catches and remained similar in magnitude across experimental hut tests in the semi-field (71%) and field (70%), as well as in-home tests (66%), but were higher in the free-flight chambers (96%) using a susceptible mosquito strain. Other endpoints (mortality, and exophily) generally showed higher estimates in controlled environments with lab-reared mosquitoes, compared to ambient conditions with wild, free-flying mosquitoes.ConclusionThis study supports the use of multiple test methods to generate entomological efficacy data required for country registrations, WHO prequalification dossiers, and post-deployment monitoring. The findings highlight the strengths and limitations of free-flight chambers, semi-field systems, experimental huts, and in-home tests in generating efficacy data for new spatial repellent products. These results support integration of Mosquito Shield into malaria vector control programs pending further operational evaluation. Mosquito landing reduction estimated via human landing catches is a reliable metric for monitoring spatial repellent product longevity across efficacy testing methods. The efficacy gradient between controlled and ambient conditions highlights the importance of testing under realistic settings before public health deployment.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1614476</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1614476</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Laboratory efficacy of Bactivec® and Griselesf® biolarvicides used for large-scale larviciding in Tanzania]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Tegemeo Gavana</author><author>Denis Kailembo</author><author>Jane Machange</author><author>Venance Michael</author><author>Kyeba Swai</author><author>Olukayode G. Odufuwa</author><author>Frank Tenywa</author><author>Charles Dismas Mwalimu</author><author>Jubilate Bernard</author><author>Samwel Lazaro</author><author>Best Yoram</author><author>Stella Kajange</author><author>Elizabeth Kasagama</author><author>Noela Kisoka</author><author>Emmanuel Mbuba</author><author>Prosper Chaki</author><author>Christian Lengeler</author><author>Sarah J. Moore</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundFrom 2022 to 2024, a project piloting large-scale larviciding in Tanzania was implemented in Tanga Region. The project used in-country manufactured biolarvicides, Bactivec® and Griselesf®. This study independently assessed the efficacy of both biolarvicide products to ensure that they represented a good option for scaling up.MethodologyThe study was conducted at Ifakara Health Institute (IHI) in Tanzania. Laboratory-based dose–response experiments were performed using Bactivec® and Griselesf® against laboratory-reared early third instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles funestus, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Larvae were exposed to various concentrations of Bactivec® and Griselesf®. VectoBac® served as a positive control, and distilled water as a negative control. Twelve replicates per concentration, with 25 larvae per replicate, were tested. Larval mortality was recorded at 24 and 48 hours after exposure to Bactivec® and Griselesf®, respectively. Probit regression analysis was used to determine the lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) values.ResultsBactivec® demonstrated similar LC50 values across all species, ranging from 0.0122 mg/mL (95% CI: 0.0114–0.0130) for An. gambiae s.s. to 0.0155 mg/mL (95% CI: 0.0147–0.0163) for An. funestus. LC90 varied slightly, with An. arabiensis being the most susceptible at 0.0217 mg/mL (95% CI: 0.0202–0.0233), and An. gambiae s.s. the least at 0.0330 mg/mL (95% CI: 0.0298–0.0363). Griselesf® showed greater variation, with LC50 ranging from 0.0130 mg/mL (95% CI: 0.0124–0.0136) for An. gambiae s.s. and 0.0212 mg/mL (95% CI: 0.0199–0.0226) for An. arabiensis. Similarly, the LC90 for Griselesf® also varied, being the lowest for An. gambiae s.s., 0.0235 mg/mL (95% CI: 0.0219–0.0252) and the highest for An. arabiensis, 0.0609 mg/mL (95% CI: 0.0548–0.0669). Ae. aegypti was not susceptible to Griselesf® at the concentrations tested. The LC90 observed in this study were below the maximum application rates recommended by the manufacturer but exceeded the minimum application rates for both larvicides.ConclusionThe Tanzanian-made Bactivec® and Griselesf® demonstrated efficacy against multiple species of mosquitoes, when applied according to the manufacturer’s recommendations except for Ae. aegypti, which was not susceptible to Griselesf®. Field applications should use maximum application rates. As Tanzania prepares to expand larviciding nationwide, the availability of these efficacious biolarvicides within the country will enhance both the feasibility and sustainability of the scale-up effort.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1609614</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1609614</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Impact of artemether–lumefantrine treatment, circadian rhythm, and serum replacement on the infectiousness of wild Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto mosquitoes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-07-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Dorin Joachim Mmasi</author><author>Prisca Kweyamba</author><author>Fatuma Matwewe</author><author>Masudi Suleiman Maasayi</author><author>Nolvin J. Mvungi</author><author>Ummi Abdul Kibondo</author><author>Tibebu Habtewold</author><author>Jennifer C. Stevenson</author><author>Lorenz Martin Hofer</author><author>Sarah Jane Moore</author><author>Mgeni M. Tambwe</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundIn the era of asymptomatic gametocytemia, carriers are scarce but serve as key reservoirs for Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Transmission-blocking interventions (TBIs) are gaining attention, considering factors such as artemether–lumefantrine (AL) treatment, mosquito feeding time (day vs. night), and serum replacement, recognized for their potential in influencing direct membrane feeding assay (DMFA) outcomes and reducing assay precision. This study aimed at optimizing DMFA through assessing the following 1) artemether–lumefantrine treatment 2) mosquito feeding time and 3) serum replacement on gametocyte infectiousness to mosquitoes in a low malaria transmission settingMethodsSix gametocytemic carriers were found to be eligible, from whom 4 mL of venous blood was drawn. This blood was given to female Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) mosquitoes via DMFA under controlled conditions. Oocyst prevalence and intensity were determined on fed mosquitoes: 1) 9 days post-AL treatment, 2) for day feeds versus night feeds, and 3) with and without serum replacement.ResultsMosquito infection rates declined post-AL treatment, with significantly fewer mosquitoes infected [odds ratio (OR) = 0.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13–0.31, p = 0.001] compared to day 0. Feeding during the dark cycle time did not significantly affect mosquito infection rates (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.53–1.12, p = 0.175). Lastly, compared to whole blood, serum replacement increased infection rates (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.33–2.25, p = 0.001).ConclusionTo obtain robust results, we confirm that DMFA should be conducted using blood from gametocytemic carriers without a recent history of AL treatment, using serum replacement to enhance infection success. In this setting, assays could be conducted outside of the mosquitoes’ dark cycle without affecting results.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1596496</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1596496</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in school-aged children in urban and peri-urban schools of Bamako, Mali]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-06-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Mahamoudou Toure</author><author>Fousseyni Kane</author><author>Daouda Sanogo</author><author>Soumba Keita</author><author>Bourama Keita</author><author>Abdoul Zamilou Aro</author><author>Moussa Keita</author><author>Drissa Konate</author><author>Sory I. Diawara</author><author>Alpha S. Yaro</author><author>Aissata Kone</author><author>Mahamadou Magassa</author><author>Salim Kante</author><author>Cheick O. Tangara</author><author>Karamoko Tangara</author><author>Hamady Coulibaly</author><author>Bourema Cisse</author><author>Sidibe M’Baye Thiam</author><author>Amadou S. Traore</author><author>Jeffrey G. Shaffer</author><author>Nafomon Sogoba</author><author>Mahamadou Diakite</author><author>Seydou Doumbia</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundUrban malaria is an increasing public health issue for Africans in cities experiencing rapid demographic growth. School children bear the high burden of malaria, which affects their health and education; however, they are not covered by control strategies such as seasonal malaria chemoprevention. This study aims to evaluate the school-based prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection to inform targeted malaria control strategies in urban and peri-urban settings of Bamako, Mali.MethodsThe city of Bamako in Mali was divided into four ecological strata based on the risk for malaria transmission using GIS tools (urban center, high altitude, riverside, and peripheral neighborhoods). Within each stratum, three schools close to the community health center were chosen to randomly select 200 to 230 children aged 6 to 13 years old per school to collect information on malaria risk factors and test for P. falciparum infection using malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRTDs) and microscopy.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of P. falciparum infection varied from 0% to 15.5% between study sites. Travel history and fever were not associated with an increased risk of infection (p > 0.05). The odds of malaria infection increased by 2.4 among children with anemia (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.57, 3.61) and 3.8 among children living in an urban site along the Niger River (OR = 3.37, 95% CI = 2.05, 7.45).ConclusionThis study shows significant spatial variation of P. falciparum infection within Bamako urban settings. The results suggest that, as in rural villages of Mali, school-aged children should be considered a major malaria parasite reservoir in the urban settings of Bamako. Interventions targeting this specific age group could reduce the malaria burden in this area.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1557371</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1557371</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Targeting mucosal immunity in malaria control: the underexplored role of IgA]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-06-25T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Haruna Muwonge</author><author>Isaac Ssewanyana</author><author>Adoke Yeka</author><author>Pauline Byakika-Kibwika</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Malaria remains a global health crisis, causing an estimated 263 million cases and 597,000 deaths in 2023. Current measures—including insecticide-treated nets, ACTs, and the RTS,S vaccine—have stalled in reducing mortality, highlighting the need for novel strategies. While studies IgG and IgM have dominated malaria immunology research, recent data reveal a broader role for Immunoglobulin A (IgA). Evidence suggests that IgA can block parasite entry, activate complement, and modulate inflammation, although its protective efficacy has yet to be established. This review synthesizes the emerging literature on sporozoite- and merozoite-specific IgA responses, examines how IgA arises in a “non-mucosal” infection like malaria, and explores vaccine platforms-oral, nasal, or prime-boost-that might harness IgA alongside IgG. We also identify critical gaps in correlating IgA levels with clinical immunity, emphasizing the need for specialized animal models and longitudinal human cohorts. Ultimately, leveraging IgA-driven mucosal immunity could significantly reinforce existing malaria interventions by preventing parasite establishment at mucosal or skin interfaces. By uniting mucosal and systemic immunity, research on IgA-based vaccines promises a next-generation approach to reducing malaria transmission, thereby creating a path towards global eradication.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1570480</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1570480</link>
        <title><![CDATA[SC Johnson Guardian™ spatial repellent shows 1-year efficacy against wild pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles arabiensis, with a similar blood-feeding inhibition efficacy to Mosquito Shield™ in a Tanzanian experimental hut trial]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-06-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Johnson Kyeba Swai</author><author>Watson Samuel Ntabaliba</author><author>Emmanuel Mbuba</author><author>Hassan Ahamad Ngoyani</author><author>Noely Otto Makungwa</author><author>Antony Pius Mseka</author><author>John Bradley</author><author>Madeleine Rose Chura</author><author>Thomas Michael Mascari</author><author>Sarah Jane Moore</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundSpatial repellents (SRs) that passively emanate airborne concentrations of an active ingredient within a space disrupt mosquito behaviors to reduce human-vector contact. A clinical trial of SC Johnson’s Mosquito Shield™ (Mosquito Shield) demonstrated a 33% protective efficacy against malaria in Kenya. Mosquito Shield lasts for 1 month, but a longer duration product is needed for malaria control programs. SC Johnson’s Guardian™ (Guardian) is designed to provide longer continuous protection from disease-transmitting mosquitoes.MethodsWe conducted experimental hut trials to i) evaluate the efficacy of Guardian over 12 months (between May 2022 and May 2023) and ii) assess the potential public health utility of Guardian by comparing it to Mosquito Shield over 1 month (midway through the Guardian evaluation in November 2022) against wild pyrethroid-resistant malaria vector mosquitoes. The primary endpoint was the number of blood-fed Anopheles arabiensis, while secondary endpoints were the proportion of dead An. arabiensis at 24 hours and the proportion of blood-fed mosquitoes. For Guardian, the number of mosquito landings was also evaluated by human landing catch, a method routinely used in community or implementation studies.ResultsOver 12 months of continuous use, Guardian reduced the number of An. arabiensis blood-feeding by 82.7% [95% confidence interval (78.5%–86.1%)] and landing by 65.1% (59.4%– 70.0%). Guardian also induced 20.1% mortality (18.4%–21.8%). Guardian was found to be superior to Mosquito Shield in reducing the number of blood-fed An. arabiensis with similar proportions of blood-fed and dead mosquitoes at 24 hours.ConclusionGuardian was effective in reducing blood-feeding and landing of wild pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors for 12 months and shows superior protective efficacy compared to Mosquito Shield in reducing the overall number of blood-feeding mosquitoes. Experimental hut studies are suitable for comparative evaluations of new spatial repellent products because they precisely estimate entomological endpoints elicited by spatial repellents known to significantly impact vectorial capacity and disease transmission.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1612068</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1612068</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Corrigendum: PRONet Duo insecticide-treated net incorporated with chlorfenapyr and bifenthrin is superior to Interceptor® G2 nets against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae sensu lato: a randomized experimental hut trial in Côte d’Ivoire and Tanzania using non-inferiority design]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-05-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Alphonce A. Assenga</author><author>Ludovic P. Ahoua Alou</author><author>Soromane Camara</author><author>Alphonsine A. Koffi</author><author>Raphael N’Guessan</author><author>Dismas S. Kamande</author><author>Safina Ngonyani</author><author>Ummi A. Kibondo</author><author>Olukayode G. Odufuwa</author><author>Watson S. Ntabaliba</author><author>Ruth G. Lekundayo</author><author>Faraji Abilah</author><author>Edith P. Madumla</author><author>Joseph B. Muganga</author><author>Jason Moore</author><author>Sarah J. Moore</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1571912</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1571912</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Beyond insecticide treated bed nets coverage to heterogeneous human behaviors and spatial realities]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-05-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Merveille Koissi Savi</author><author>Lauren M. Childs</author><author>Christian Borgemeister</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionInsecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are a cost-efficient prevention method used to prevent malaria, yet their use in poorly urbanized and slum areas remains low. For instance, in these areas in Accra, Ghana, less than 2% of children sleep under fully functional ITNs. Thus, the expected drop in malaria prevalence in Accra and the rest of the country is still much below target. This study deconstructs urban malaria dynamics, revealing the complex interplay of ITNs, spatial heterogeneity, and human behaviors.MethodsWe evaluated urban malaria prevention knowledge, developed a metapopulation framework aligned with empirical findings, and incorporated behavior scenarios to understand urban malaria dynamics better.ResultsOur findings revealed that owning an ITN does not ensure its use, especially in densely populated areas. Limited living space and repurposing are identified as key barriers in Accra, Ghana, with healthcare visits emerging as catalysts for ITN use. Mathematical models incorporating spatial and demographic factors emphasize achieving 60% ITN use in each community patch for epidemic elimination. Our model emphasizes that while ITN use is a crucial intervention in malaria control, it alone may not significantly reduce malaria prevalence without considering spatial, demographic, and behavioral factors.DiscussionTo maximize the effectiveness of ITNs and significantly reduce malaria prevalence, decision-making processes must address the underlying reasons for late or nonadoption of the intervention. Therefore, we strongly recommend prioritizing targeted, one-onone sensitization campaigns, ensuring that barriers to ITN adoption are effectively identified and mitigated.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1600850</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1600850</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Mosquito vector diversity and malaria transmission]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-05-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Brandy St. Laurent</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Malaria is the most important parasitic disease in the world, killing over half a million people a year. Globally, we have made gains toward eliminating this disease but our progress has stalled in the last decade. Much of our control efforts and predictive models are focused to a few well understood systems such as Plasmodium falciparum transmission by species within the Anopheles gambiae complex. However, in many areas of the world, variation in the diversity of mosquito vectors significantly shape malaria transmission dynamics, seasonal persistence, and geographic range. This perspectives piece will focus on vectors of human malaria parasites and the impact of vector diversity on disease transmission by exploring how: 1) Anopheles species richness and abundance influence daily malaria transmission, and how differences in host feeding behavior and vector competence within a species-rich vector community influence local transmission, 2) diverse species contribute to persistence of malaria across seasons and spread through different ecotypes, and 3) species-specific parasite-vector interactions determine the genotypes of the malaria parasite that are successfully transmitted and shape parasite population structure. Finally, we will discuss future areas of research that should be prioritized toward understanding a more complete picture of malaria transmission dynamics in the context of diverse vector species.]]></description>
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