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        <title>Frontiers in Malaria | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/malaria</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Malaria | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-10-05T01:23:51.18+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1999637</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1999637</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Correction: Cohort retention in seasonal malaria chemoprevention: an analysis of magnitude and associated factors in Northern Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        <author>Francis Okot</author><author>Norman Aweno</author><author>Ebenezer C. Ikechukwu</author><author>Abubaker Rom</author><author>Gerald Kabuye</author><author>Jamshed Khan</author><author>Anthony Kirabira</author><author>Atemthi Dhieu Dau</author><author>Amanya Jacob</author><author>Ezbon WApary</author><author>Simon Peter Katongole</author><author>Denis Mubiru</author><author>Chukwudi A. Nnaji</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1890327</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1890327</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes and their implications for disease control]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Rakesh Padhan</author><author>Jatin Kumar</author><author>Bharti Goyal</author><author>Ram Das</author><author>Vikas Kumar</author><author>Soumyaranjan Pradhan</author><author>Kailash C. Pandey</author><author>Tarun Kumar Vats</author><author>Bhuvan Dixit</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes has created a severe bottleneck, undermining global public health initiatives targeting vector-borne pathogens such as Plasmodium, dengue, and Zika viruses. Using a comprehensive narrative review methodology, this article maps the shifting evolutionary landscapes of vector control across four primary, universally recognized resistance mechanisms: target-site insensitivity (kdr, ace-1, and Rdl pore transformations), metabolic detoxification (cytochrome P450s, carboxylesterases, and glutathione S-transferases), cuticular thickening, and behavioral avoidance. Beyond these classical frameworks, this review addresses important contemporary discoveries, highlighting the functional role of the commensal midgut microbiota in the escalation of phenotypic pyrethroid resistance and underscoring novel extracellular metabolic markers such as the CSDIR protein. To counteract these adaptation networks, public health programs are undergoing a paradigm shift away from traditional neurotoxic monotherapies. The review touches upon the operational efficacy of next-generation, World Health Organization-prequalified interventions designed to circumvent legacy cross-resistance, focusing on neonicotinoids (clothianidin), pyrroles (chlorfenapyr), novel meta-diamides (broflanilide), and biorational insect growth regulators (pyriproxyfen). Finally, this review contextualizes these dynamics within the geographically and epidemiologically diverse landscape of India. The review points to specific Indian evidence, including the mapped multi-insecticide resistance profiles of primary rural (Anopheles culicifacies) and urban (Anopheles stephensi) vectors, PCR-based target-site genotyping (L1014F/S and V1010L alleles) from the national sentinel networks of the NCVBDC and ICMR-NIMR, and localized evaluations of novel allosteric chemistries. By bridging India’s field surveillance data with international resistance management frameworks, this review outlines integrated strategies to delay the selection of multi-resistant phenotypes and safeguard sustainable vector elimination targets worldwide.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1909034</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1909034</link>
        <title><![CDATA[AI and silkworm biomanufacturing: a new paradigm for malaria therapeutics access]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Anthony Pilorget</author><author>Sospeter Ngoci Njeru</author><author>Damaris Matoke-Muhia</author><author>Christophe Loizel</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Malaria remains one of the most devastating infectious diseases globally, causing an estimated 282 million cases and 610,000 deaths in 2024, predominantly among children in sub-Saharan Africa. While the WHO approval of the RTS,S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M vaccines represents a historic milestone, these first-generation tools exhibit partial and waning efficacy and face severe manufacturing and deployment bottlenecks. Current biological production systems rely on highly centralized, capital-intensive cell culture facilities predominantly located in the Global North, perpetuating a structural geography of dependence for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and novel whole-insect biomanufacturing platforms offers a transformative solution to these scientific and structural challenges. AI is revolutionizing malaria therapeutics through reverse vaccinology, structural antigen design, and the optimization of potent, broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, translating these in silico designs into physical vaccines and therapeutics requires overcoming critical production bottlenecks. This perspective paper examines the Bombyx mori (silkworm) baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) as a highly scalable, decentralizable platform uniquely suited for LMICs. We highlight the silkworm platform’s capacity to produce both complex multi-epitope vaccine antigens and functional IgG monoclonal antibodies at a fraction of the cost of mammalian cell culture. By proposing a farm-to-GMP supply chain model, in which African silkworm farms supply healthy larvae to centralized GMP facilities for baculovirus infection and protein purification, we demonstrate how the integration of AI and the silkworm platform can directly support the Partnerships for African Vaccine Manufacturing (PAVM) framework, providing a sustainable pathway to achieving the African Union’s 2040 local manufacturing targets.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1913848</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1913848</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Cohort retention in seasonal malaria chemoprevention: an analysis of magnitude and associated factors in Northern Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Francis Okot</author><author>Norman Aweno</author><author>Ebenezer C. Ikechukwu</author><author>Abubaker Rom</author><author>Gerald Kabuye</author><author>Jamshed Khan</author><author>Anthony Kirabira</author><author>Atemthi Dhieu Dau</author><author>Amanya Jacob</author><author>Ezbon WApary</author><author>Simon Peter Katongole</author><author>Denis Mubiru</author><author>Chukwudi A. Nnaji</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundHealth interventions that require multi-dose regimens are most effective when all doses are taken. Adherence to a full three-day course of Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine (SPAQ) in all planned cycles of the annual seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) round (cohort retention) is essential for maximizing the intervention’s impact. For this study cohort retention refers to eligible children completing the full three-day course of SPAQ during all planned 5 cycles of the annual SMC round. This study aimed to assess the extent of cohort retention across SMC cycles and to identify factors associated with retention among eligible children in Northern Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan.MethodsIn November 2024, a household survey was conducted in Aweil West and Aweil South counties, South Sudan, one month after the completion of the fifth cycle of SMC distribution. A multi-stage random sampling was utilized to select 1,500 child-caregiver pairs across 75 clusters (40 in Aweil West and 35 in Aweil South). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered using SurveyCTO. Mixed-effects modified Poisson regression modeling was employed, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.ResultsOf the 1,500 eligible children sampled, 66.9% (95% CI: 64.4 – 69.2) were retained. Caregivers that were knowledgeable about purpose of SMC medicines (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR):2.04; 95%CI: 1.34-3.11; P = 0.001), perceived SMC medicines as effective (aPR:4.85; 95%CI: 1.25-18.9; P = 0.023), and caregivers that had paid work (aPR: 1.28; 95%CI:1.01-1.62; P = 0.04) were significantly associated with retention.ConclusionsSMC cohort retention in Aweil South and West counties is strongly associated with caregivers’ trust in and knowledge of the intervention. Strengthening community engagement and increasing awareness is vital for improving retention, enhancing the intervention’s effectiveness and ultimately reducing malaria morbidity and mortality among children.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1925644</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1925644</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Advanced nanomaterials for malaria theranostics]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Suresh Thangudu</author><author>Karthik Nuthalapati</author><author>Chiranjib Patra</author><author>Ganesh Kamble</author><author>Chiranjeevi Korupalli</author><author>Ganesh Gollavelli</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Malaria is still one of the world’s most devastating infectious diseases, even with significant progress in treatment, mosquito control, and vaccines. The rise of drug-resistant Plasmodium parasites and insecticide-resistant Anopheles mosquitoes, along with limitations in traditional diagnosis and treatment methods, continue to hinder efforts to eliminate malaria globally. Nanotechnology has emerged as a valuable approach to address these issues. It offers highly sensitive diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, controlled drug release, vaccine development, and better mosquito management. This review critically highlights the latest advancements in nanotheranostics of malaria based on metal, metal oxides, carbon-based, polymeric, lipid-based, and other hybrid nanomaterials for malaria vaccine delivery and vector control, along with theranostics. The review also highlights key challenges such as nanotoxicity, safety for the environment, manufacturing challenges, consistency, and regulatory issues, along with recent advancements in nanomedicine and artificial-intelligence-based malaria diagnosis systems. Overall, this review underscores the growing potential of innovative nanomaterials to advance malaria diagnosis, treatment, and prevention while pointing out essential research areas needed for successful clinical use.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1916446</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1916446</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Built for the village, breached in the city: redesigning malaria vector control for Anopheles stephensi and insecticide resistance]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-09-07T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Shyamkumar Sriram</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Africa’s vector-control architecture, which has averted most of the malaria cases and deaths since 2000, was built on two assumptions: dominant vectors breed in the countryside, and pyrethroid-treated nets kill them on contact. Both are now failing at the same time. Anopheles stephensi, an efficient vector of urban malaria native to South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, has spread across the Horn of Africa and into West Africa and is now reported in nine African countries, breeding in water containers of fast-growing cities that have never had an indigenous urban malaria vector. At the same time, pyrethroid resistance is widespread across the established African vectors, eroding the single insecticide class on which standard nets depend. This Perspective argues that vector control must be redesigned rather than merely resupplied. It reviews the evidence for next-generation nets that pair a pyrethroid with a second active ingredient; the role of piperonyl butoxide nets and spatial emanators; the larval source, house modification, and non-chemical options available in urban settings; and the surveillance demands of urban transmission. It traces the convergence of vector and parasite threats highlighted by an Ethiopian outbreak driven by A. stephensi carrying drug- and diagnosis-resistant parasites. Every element of the redesign depends on entomological and resistance surveillance, the capacity most exposed to the contraction in donor financing now underway and least well served by financing instruments built around commodity procurement. The window to redesign before failure happens is open, but it is closing fast.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1875477</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1875477</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Retrospective study of association between Plasmodium falciparum malaria density and platelet count at Presbyterian Hospital, Agogo]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Theophilus Arthur-Gyimah</author><author>Doreen Asantewa Abeasi</author><author>Frank Bediako Agyei</author><author>Stephen Owusu Apau</author><author>Josephine Yeboah Agyapong</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In malaria-endemic, resource-constrained settings, automated complete blood counts are widely accessible and could potentially supplement gold-standard microscopy. This study evaluated the relationship between Plasmodium falciparum parasite density and platelet count variations to determine the diagnostic screening and risk-stratification utility of acute thrombocytopenia. A retrospective observational study was conducted using laboratory data from 15,989 patient encounters at the Presbyterian Hospital in Agogo, Ghana, spanning September 2024 to September 2025. Continuous variables were evaluated using non-parametric frameworks (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis with post hoc Dunn’s test, and Spearman’s rank correlation). All statistical analyses were executed via R software (version 4.5.3). A binary logistic regression model and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were constructed to determine the standalone predictive performance of platelet measurements. The overall slide positivity rate for P. falciparum was 10.6% (1,690/15,989), with transmission peaking during the major rainy season in May (14.53%) and June (16.07%). Median platelet counts were profoundly lower in malaria-positive individuals [143 (IQR: 87–206) ×103/µL] than in uninfected subjects [223 (IQR: 175–279) ×103/µL; p<0.001]. Platelet counts progressively declined with advancing age across the broad population (p < 0.001), but no significant biological divergence was identified between infected genders (p > 0.05). A statistically significant, moderate inverse correlation was confirmed between individual parasite density and platelet count (ρ= -0.34, 95% CI: -0.39 to -0.30, p < 0.001); however, platelet depletion plateaued at the highest burdens, showing no significant variance between high and severe parasitemia groups (p = 1.000). The predictive model mapped an intermediate Area Under the Curve (AUC = 0.771). At an optimized Youden’s threshold of 0.133, it demonstrated a balanced sensitivity of 63.6% and specificity of 79.9%. Acute thrombocytopenia is a consistent, pathophysiologically driven hallmark of P. falciparum infection that tracks peripheral parasite burden up to a point of physiological saturation. Due to distribution overlaps and structural class imbalances, standalone platelet metrics display insufficient diagnostic capacity to substitute for direct microscopy. Nonetheless, automated platelet counts offer substantial clinical utility as an objective, rapid screening tool to optimize patient triage and flag high-probability cases in rural diagnostics.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1916099</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1916099</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Holding the line against artemisinin partial resistance in Africa: the case for preemptive treatment policy]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Perspective</category>
        <author>Shyamkumar Sriram</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Two decades of progress against falciparum malaria have been bought with a single class of medicines, and that class is now being undermined on the continent that can least absorb the loss. Partial resistance to artemisinin, encoded by mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 gene, has emerged independently across East Africa and the Horn of Africa, and the World Health Organization now records confirmed or suspected resistance in at least eight African countries. Southeast Asia has already shown where this road ends: in Cambodia, as resistance markers rose, the efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine fell from 98% to 63%, and multi-country efficacy reached 50% within roughly a decade. Africa is not a milder version of that setting. Higher transmission, partial acquired immunity that masks treatment failure, and greater parasite diversity all lengthen the gap between resistance arriving and a reactive system noticing it. This Perspective argues that the prevailing reactive model, which changes first-line therapy only after measured failure breaches 10%, is the wrong design for such a region, and reframes that threshold as a structural liability during the establishment phase of resistance. It sets out a preemptive agenda built largely from tools that already exist: multiple first-line therapies, prepared triple combinations, a stocked non-artemisinin pipeline, interventions that lower drug pressure, and molecular surveillance funded as core infrastructure. It then answers the main objections to acting early. The window to act ahead of failure is open, narrow, and closing.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1923808</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1923808</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Global perspectives on severe vivax malaria: incidence, outcomes, and biological mechanisms]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Dhanpat Kumar Kochar</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1874255</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1874255</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Multi-centre laboratory study to determine discriminating concentrations for broflanilide and isocycloseram resistance monitoring in mosquitoes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-08-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Giorgio Praulins</author><author>Frank Mechan</author><author>Gemma Harvey</author><author>Basil D. Brooke</author><author>Vincent Corbel</author><author>Stéphane Duchon</author><author>Maria L. Kaiser</author><author>Sarah Moore</author><author>Ahmadi Bakari Mpelepele</author><author>Shüné V. Oliver</author><author>Himmat Singh</author><author>Jennifer Stevenson</author><author>Yvan G. Fotso Toguem</author><author>Vaishali Verma</author><author>Charles Wondji</author><author>Rosemary Susan Lees</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionDiscriminating concentrations (DCs) underpin routine monitoring of insecticide susceptibility, but none had been established for broflanilide or isocycloseram, two new active ingredients entering vector control. This study aimed to establish and validate DCs in WHO bottle bioassays for monitoring susceptibility to broflanilide and isocycloseram in Anopheles gambiae s.s., An. funestus, An. stephensi, and Aedes aegypti.MethodsIn 2024–2025, a multi-centre study involving seven international laboratories was conducted with the support of the World Health Organization (WHO), applying the generic WHO protocol for establishing discriminating concentrations to susceptible reference strains of each species.ResultsThe following values are recommended for adoption as DCs for broflanilide: 10 μg/bottle for An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti, 15 μg/bottle for An. funestus, and 25 μg/bottle for An. stephensi. The recommended DCs for isocycloseram are 15 μg/bottle for Ae. aegypti, 30 μg/bottle for An. gambiae, 50 μg/bottle for An. stephensi, and 60 μg/bottle for An. funestus.DiscussionBased on the experience gained from conducting this study, technical recommendations are made to support the generation and analysis of DC data for insecticides in the future.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1849845</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1849845</link>
        <title><![CDATA[How do pro-inflammatory cytokines alter miRNA profiles in brain endothelial cells? Mechanisms, consequences, and therapeutic strategies for blood-brain barrier protection]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Nahla Galal Metwally</author><author>Sara Mohamad</author><author>Iris Bruchhaus</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical interface between the systemic circulation and the central nervous system, and its integrity is essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. During neuroinflammation and infection, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) profoundly alter the molecular landscape of brain endothelial cells, including their microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles. This review synthesizes current evidence demonstrating that TNF-α and IFN-γ induce specific miRNA changes in human brain endothelial cells, thereby regulating tight junction proteins, adhesion molecules, and inflammatory signaling pathways. These cytokine-induced miRNA alterations contribute to BBB dysfunction through multiple mechanisms, including disruption of junctional complexes, increased leukocyte adhesion and transmigration, and activation of pro-inflammatory cascades. Understanding these miRNA-mediated regulatory networks offers potential therapeutic targets for preserving BBB integrity during infectious diseases, with emerging evidence from cerebral malaria highlighting the translational potential of miRNA-based interventions.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1794884</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1794884</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Different agroecosystems have similar Anopheles–Microsporidia MB infection dynamics in the Ahero region of Western Kenya: implications for symbiont control strategies]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Joseph Gichuhi</author><author>Tullu Bukhari</author><author>Thomas Ogao Onchuru</author><author>Oscar Mbare</author><author>Erick Odoyo</author><author>Jeremy Keith Herren</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundMicrosporidia MB is a maternally inherited symbiont of several Anopheles species. In An. arabiensis, it is characterized by strong Plasmodium falciparum transmission blocking, stable vertical transmission, and no detectable virulence, making it a promising candidate for a symbiont-based malaria control intervention. Previous studies have shown that Microsporidia MB prevalence varies across regions of Kenya; however, the scale at which Microsporidia MB prevalence varies is unknown.MethodsLongitudinal sampling was conducted simultaneously in 10 sentinel houses per area within an irrigated rice scheme and an adjacent non-irrigated sugarcane-growing zone located 8 km away. Collected mosquitoes were screened for Microsporidia MB and Plasmodium via PCR, and their abundance and infection rates were correlated with remote sensing-derived microhabitat variables.ResultsBoth areas harbored similar Anopheles species pools, dominated by An. arabiensis, An. gambiae, and An. funestus. Larval surveys mirrored this composition, though An. funestus was absent. The irrigated rice scheme had a seven-fold greater Anopheles mosquito abundance, indicating strong spatial heterogeneity in abundance driven by location. Microsporidia MB was detected across both areas in all three major species and in other uncharacterized Anopheles species (prevalence 2–15.6%). Prevalence did not vary significantly in adult mosquitoes between areas (Chi−square test, χ² = 1.716, df = 1, p = 0.1902) or across sentinel houses (Ahero: Kruskal−Wallis H−test, H = 10.02, df = 9, p = 0.35; Miwani: H = 8.89, df = 9, p = 0.45), nor between larvae in Ahero and Miwani (Chi−square test, χ² = 0.01612, df = 1, p = 0.8990). The vegetation index (NDVI) positively influenced Microsporidia MB prevalence, while wind speed had a negative influence. Furthermore, the higher vector-producing rice scheme also had greater spatio-temporal detection of Plasmodium.DiscussionThese findings provide vital context on Microsporidia MB and its hosts; consistent prevalence across contrasting agroecosystems, despite a seven-fold variance in host population density, indicates that its transmission is resilient to local ecological shifts. While specific to this study’s spatial scale, this provides a crucial proof of concept that the efficiency of deploying the symbiont as a malaria control tool is therefore unlikely to be hindered by local-scale differences in landscape heterogeneity.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1751312</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1751312</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Non-linear effects of parasite density on symptom burden and hematologic indices in pediatric Plasmodium falciparum malaria]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-31T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Olugbenga Ayodeji Mokuolu</author><author>Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir</author><author>George Oche Ambrose</author><author>Joseph Oladele Ole</author><author>Toluwani Mokuolu</author><author>Lukman Lawal</author><author>Adegboyega Joshua Agboola</author><author>Kafayat Oluwafunke Suleiman</author><author>Selimat Ibrahim</author><author>Samuel Whyte Jegede</author><author>Alexander Idu Entonu</author><author>Abdur-Rasheed Opeyemi Makinde</author><author>Okikiola Sobuur Fagbolade</author><author>Aroniyo Opeyemi Omolehin</author><author>Fuhad Damilola Azeez</author><author>Daniel Oluwagbenga Abegunde</author><author>Rahmatullah Ahuoiza Ogirima</author><author>Kolawole Temidayo Ajayi</author><author>Oluwaseun Oluwafemi Ayorinde</author><author>Akinmeji Kateanah Ibukun</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundThe clinical and hematologic manifestations of pediatric Plasmodium falciparum malaria vary across transmission settings, and the extent to which parasite density predicts symptom burden and routine laboratory abnormalities at first presentation remains uncertain. This study aimed to characterize the non-linear associations between parasite density, clinical symptom burden, and hematologic indices among children with acute P. falciparum malaria using spline-based regression models.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 357 Nigerian children aged 6 months to 10 years with microscopy-confirmed malaria at enrollment prior to treatment initiation. Twenty-one symptoms were recorded with graded severity, and parasite density was log-transformed for analysis. Non-linear associations were modeled using natural cubic splines within generalized regression frameworks, adjusting for axillary temperature and smear density unit where appropriate. Hemoglobin, platelet, and white blood cell counts were examined using spline-based linear models.ResultsHeadache and vomiting were the most frequently reported symptoms, and most presentations were clinically mild. Parasite density demonstrated a non-linear positive association with overall symptom burden. Higher parasite densities were associated with greater symptom severity and an upward trend in total symptom count, with an increased likelihood of severe symptoms observed in the upper density range. No significant association was identified between parasite density and anemia severity or severe hematologic events. In contrast, thrombocytopenia showed a strong density-dependent association and moderate discriminatory performance. Hemoglobin and white blood cell counts demonstrated weak and non-significant relationships with parasite density.ConclusionsAt initial presentation, parasite density is non-linearly associated with increased clinical symptom burden, while thrombocytopenia emerges as a sensitive hematologic correlate of contemporary parasitemia. Hemoglobin and white blood cell counts appear to be poor real-time proxies of parasite load. Integrating structured symptom grading with platelet counts may enhance early triage and risk stratification in resource-limited endemic settings.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1776838</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2026.1776838</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Addressing contemporary threats to global malaria control: new tools and strategies]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-02-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Annette Elizabeth Kaiser</author><author>Louisa Alexandra Messenger</author><author>Richard Oxborough</author><author>Nancy Stephen Matowo</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1693543</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1693543</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Stakeholders’ perceptions, acceptability, and sustainability of a larviciding intervention in Tanga Region, Tanzania]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-12-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Fadhila Kihwele</author><author>Tegemeo Gavana</author><author>Denis Kailembo</author><author>Elizabeth Kasagama</author><author>Charles Dismas Mwalimu</author><author>Jubilate Bernard</author><author>Best Yoram</author><author>Leah Ndekuka</author><author>Stella Kajange</author><author>Samwel Lazaro</author><author>Noela Kisoka</author><author>Prosper Chaki</author><author>Christian Lengeler</author><author>Angel Dillip</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundIn 2019, the Government of Tanzania endorsed the countrywide implementation of mosquito larviciding to complement insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) as vector control interventions. Between 2022 and 2024, a large-scale pilot project covering a population of over 1 million individuals was implemented in the Tanga Region, in the northeast of the country. The program was implemented entirely by the government system and made use of community-owned resource persons (CORPs). This manuscript presents the key results of a qualitative study assessing the perceptions and awareness of the stakeholders and the acceptability, facilitating factors, barriers, and sustainability of the intervention. Companion publications report on the operations, entomological and epidemiological impacts, and costs of the program.MethodologyThis cross-sectional qualitative study used in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) to assess perceptions, acceptability, and sustainability regarding larviciding. A total of 44 IDIs were conducted with government officials who oversaw project implementation. In addition, 13 FGDs were held with 156 community participants(72 CORPs involved in larviciding activities and 84 other community members). Data were analyzed using framework analysis.ResultsThe study findings showed that community-based larviciding was perceived as safe, acceptable, effective, feasible, and sustainable. However, several key challenges were identified, including the unpleasant smell of the larvicide, the CORP turnover, logistic problems, and discontinuous implementation.ConclusionThe pilot larviciding intervention implemented in the Tanga Region was perceived as safe, effective, feasible, and sustainable, and was widely accepted by the community. However, addressing key operational challenges such as the unpleasant odor of the larvicide, high CORP turnover, logistical constraints, and discontinuous implementation will be essential to ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of future large-scale rollouts.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1687355</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1687355</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Prevalence and Plasmodium species distribution of asymptomatic malaria parasitemia among blood donors at the Lilongwe blood transfusion center]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Collins Bowa</author><author>Ndagha Kalonga</author><author>Benjamin Mbonshi</author><author>Lungowe Sitali</author><author>Joseph Simwela</author><author>Evarister Kudowa</author><author>Amazing-Grace Tepeka</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundBlood transfusions are vital for treating anemia, yet in malaria-endemic regions such as Malawi, the risk of infection transmission remains significant. Owing to constrained resources and infrastructure, many blood centers have inadequate capacity for malaria detection, leading to the absence of routine screening protocols. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasitemia, identify Plasmodium species, and investigate associated factors among blood donors at the Lilongwe Centre of the Malawi Blood Transfusion Service (MBTS).MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional research design conducted at the Lilongwe Branch of the Malawi Blood Transfusion Service, a pivotal center for blood collection and distribution in Malawi’s central region. The research focused on a population of voluntary asymptomatic blood donors who presented themselves at designated donation centers. The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasitemia was determined using two methods: Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for detecting Plasmodium falciparum parasites and microscopic analysis for confirmation and identification of other Plasmodium species, along with density quantification. Identification of factors associated with malaria transmission among blood donors was done using structured questionnaire. The study was conducted over a two-week period at the MBTS, with data analysis performed using R version 4.3.1, with statistical significance set at p-value < 0.05.ResultsThe study identified an overall malaria prevalence of 13.5% (51/377) among the participants, with 13.4% (9/67) of females and 13.5% (42/310) of males testing positive. Of the positive cases, 85.4% (41/48) were due to Plasmodium falciparum, 8.3% (4/48) were mixed infections of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae, and 6.3% (3/48) were solely Plasmodium malariae. Significant demographic factors influencing species distribution included age, occupation and residence. Other significant factors were blood group, repellent use, and travel history. A multivariate logistic regression model was used, but no significant associations were identified at the 0.05 significance level.ConclusionThe detection of a substantial burden of asymptomatic malaria parasitemia among blood donors highlights a potential risk for transfusion-transmitted malaria in Malawi. This finding underscores the urgent need to strengthen malaria screening protocols and diagnostic capacity within blood transfusion services.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1667330</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1667330</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Genomic dynamics of clinical Plasmodium vivax: comparative genomic hybridization in severe malaria cases]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Sampreeti Tahbildar</author><author>Pon Arunachalam Boopathi</author><author>Sanjay Kumar Kochar</author><author>Dhanpat Kumar Kochar</author><author>Mohamed Aiyaz</author><author>Raja C. Mugasimangalam</author><author>Sudha N. Rao</author><author>Ashis Das</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundCopy number variations (CNVs) in the Plasmodium vivax genome can influence key parasite traits such as erythrocyte invasion, immune evasion, drug resistance, and survival in the human host. Their potential role in severe manifestations of P. vivax malaria, such as cerebral malaria (CM) remains underexplored. In regions like India, where P. vivax is endemic, understanding genomic factors that contribute to disease severity is crucial. Given the limited understanding of genomic factors contributing to disease severity in P. vivax, this study aims to investigate genome-wide CNVs in clinical isolates from patients with cerebral and uncomplicated malaria.MethodsWe employed a high-resolution, custom-designed 2 × 400K tiling microarray for array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), using probes with an average spacing of 56 base pairs covering the entire P. vivax genome. Genomic DNA from cerebral malaria isolates was differentially labeled and hybridized against reference DNA from uncomplicated malaria isolates. CNVs were inferred based on fluorescence intensity ratios, indicating chromosomal regions with copy number gains or losses.ResultsUtilizing probes based on the P. vivax Sal-1 reference genome, we detected significant CNVs across all 14 chromosomes, affecting 2,138 genes. CNVs ranged from 100 bp to approximately 1,429 kb in cerebral malaria isolates compared to uncomplicated cases. Altered regions having gains or losses included genes encoding surface antigens such as 6-cysteine proteins, tryptophan-rich antigens (TRAGs), serine-repeat antigen (SERA), apical membrane antigen (AMA), as well as drug resistance markers. The most extensive CNV spanned ~1,450 kb on chromosome 12. CNVs were also observed in intergenic regions, suggesting potential regulatory impacts.DiscussionThis study identifies CNVs in the genome of P. vivax isolates from cerebral malaria cases, in genes involved in immune evasion, drug resistance, and host-pathogen interactions. Although the precise impact of these CNVs on disease severity remains unclear, the findings highlight genetic differences between isolates from severe and uncomplicated malaria cases, including variations in intergenic regions. These findings emphasize the need to further investigate CNVs that may contribute to P. vivax pathogenesis and resistance. A deeper understanding of these variations could aid in identifying biomarkers for severe disease and support the development of more effective malaria control and treatment strategies.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1725748</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1725748</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Women in malaria research]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-11-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Alena Pance</author><author>Elena Gómez-Díaz</author><author>Sarah Reece</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1604498</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1604498</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Efficacy of low-dose primaquine plus artemether-lumefantrine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for radical cure of Plasmodium vivax in the Solomon Islands: a randomised clinical trial]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-10-03T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Clinical Trial</category>
        <author>Robert James</author><author>Thomas Obadia</author><author>Lyndes Wini</author><author>Albino Bobogare</author><author>Sarah Charnaud</author><author>Shazia Ruybal-Pesántez</author><author>Caitlin Bourke</author><author>Jacob E. Munro</author><author>Brioni R. Moore</author><author>Madhu Page-Sharp</author><author>Laurens Manning</author><author>Urijah Liligeto</author><author>Sophie G. Zaloumis</author><author>J. Kevin Baird</author><author>Harin Karunajeewa</author><author>Ivo Mueller</author>
        <description><![CDATA[BackgroundPrimaquine (PQ) remains the only 8-aminoquinoline endorsed by the WHO for treatment of latent Plasmodium vivax liver-stage parasites. PQ is a prodrug, with metabolism and therapeutic activity influenced by inherent human CYP2D6 polymorphisms and by poorly understood interactions with variably co-administered blood schizontocidal therapies. With widespread chloroquine resistance in P. vivax, radical cure now requires use of one of several artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs).MethodsFrom September 2017 to February 2019, a randomised clinical trial was conducted in Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PQ (0·25 mg/kg/day × 14 days) given concurrently with standard doses of either dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (DP) or artemether–lumefantrine (AL). A relapse control arm received AL without PQ. The 384 enrolled subjects were followed for 180 days to assess efficacy against relapse, along with CYP2D6 genotyping, methaemoglobin monitoring, and measurement of PQ absorption and metabolism.ResultsBoth PQ treatment arms had significantly reduced rates of current P. vivax parasitamiea (PQ-AL: HR=0·50, CI95[0·33–0·75], PQ-DP: HR=0·34, CI95[0·22–0·52] P < 0·001) relative to no PQ. However, neither regimen provided adequate clinical efficacy (PQ-AL: 43·7%, PQ-DP: 34·1%). No significant differences were observed between PQ-AL and PQ-DP in CYP2D6 genotype-predicted activity scores, methaemoglobin levels, or concentrations of PQ and its metabolites (5,6-OQ and CPQ) on day 7 post-initation of dosing.ConclusionsThe dose of PQ administered in this study appears equally inadequate when used in combination with either DP or AL for radical cure. Higher PQ doses are required for effective radical cure in the Western Pacific, where PQ-tolerant Chesson-like strains still appear to commonly occur.Clinical trial registrationhttps://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372150, identifier ANZCTR 12617000329369, Universal Trial Number (UTN) U1111-1191-4968.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1553466</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmala.2025.1553466</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Specificity and kinetics of human candidate cerebral malaria biomarkers in mice]]></title>
        <pubdate>2025-09-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Cláudia Gomes</author><author>Lizeth Chicas</author><author>Kelly A. Crotty</author><author>Isaac Salzano</author><author>Davidi Tawfiles</author><author>Ana Rodriguez</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Cerebral malaria (CM) is a complication of infection with Plasmodium falciparum that can lead to cognitive sequelae and death. The diagnosis of CM is based on clinical criteria, which leads to frequent misdiagnosis as it is confused with other infections that induce coma in children. There is currently no possibility of early diagnosis of this complication, since CM is only identified after the presentation of neurological signs, which greatly decreases treatment success and also precludes the analysis of patient’s early samples for the identification of predictive/prognostic biomarkers. Here we have used the mouse model for CM (infection with Plasmodium berghei-ANKA) and compared it to a non-CM model (infection with P. berghei-NK65) to evaluate the early kinetics and specificity of two candidate biomarkers that are elevated in the plasma of patients with CM: Angiopoietin-2 and Angiopoietin-like 4. The mouse experimental CM (ECM) model allows for the study of the biomarker’s kinetics throughout infection, starting before neurological signs are evident, and for their specificity for ECM as compared to the non-cerebral model. Our results indicate that, similar to findings in P. falciparum malaria patients, Angiopoietin-2 and Angiopoietin-like-4 are significantly elevated in plasma during P. berghei infection in mice. In mice infected with P. berghei-NK65 there was a direct correlation with the levels of parasitemia, suggesting that this may be contributing to the increased levels of both candidate biomarkers during infection, however this was not observed in P. berghei-ANKA infected mice. In these mice, a high proportion developed ECM and showed elevated levels of Angiopoietin-like 4, which were not observed in mice with non-cerebral infections. Angiopoietin-like 4 levels were directly correlated with severity of ECM. This observation is similar to previous findings in human malaria patients and provide basis for the use of mice as a model to investigate early kinetics and specificity of potential biomarkers for human severe and cerebral malaria.]]></description>
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