AUTHOR=Kraft Sebastián , Pérez-Alvarez MJosé , Olavarría Carlos , Moraga Rodrigo , Baker C. Scott , Steel Debbie , Tixier Paul , Guinet Christophe , Viricel Amelia , Brickle Paul , Costa Marina , Crespo Enrique , Durante Cristian , Loizaga Rocio , Poulin Elie 

TITLE=From Settlers to Subspecies: Genetic Differentiation in Commerson’s Dolphins Between South America and the Kerguelen Islands

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science

VOLUME=Volume 8 - 2021

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.782512

DOI=10.3389/fmars.2021.782512

ISSN=2296-7745

ABSTRACT=Commerson’s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) are separated into the subspecies C. c. commersonii, found along southern South America and the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas, and C. c. kerguelenensis, restricted to the subantarctic Kerguelen Islands. Following the dispersal model proposed for the genus, the latter is thought to have originated from South America after a long-distance dispersal event. To evaluate this biogeographic scenario, a distribution-wide, balanced sampling of mtDNA control region sequences was designed. New tissue samples from southern Chile, Argentina, Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas and Kerguelen Islands were added to published sequences from South America and Kerguelen Islands, for a total of 256 samples. Genetic diversity indices, genetic and phylogeographic structure, and migration rates were calculated. One haplotype was shared between subspecies, with which all haplotypes of C. c. kerguelenensis formed a distinct group in the haplotype network. A new haplotype for C. c. kerguelenensis is reported. Differentiation in haplotype frequencies was found among localities within the distribution of C. c. commersonii, yet the phylogeographic signal was only statistically significant between subspecies. Coalescent-based historical gene flow estimations indicated migration between the northern and southern portions of the species’ range in South America as well as between South America and the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas, but not between these and the Kerguelen Islands. The net nucleotide divergence between dolphins from South America and the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas was lower than the recommended threshold value suggested for delimiting subspecies, unlike that found between C. c. commersonii and C. c. kerguelenensis. The results are consistent with the model of postglacial colonization of Kerguelen Islands by South American C. commersonii, followed by an ongoing divergence process and subspecies status. Thus, C. c. kerguelenensis may represent the most recent diversification step of Cephalorhynchus, where isolation from their source population is driving a process of incipient speciation.