AUTHOR=Endo Masanori , Zhao Yue , Nakamura Wataru , Sasaki Jun 

TITLE=A practical pCO2 estimation and carbonate dynamics at an event of hypoxic water upwelling in Tokyo Bay

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science

VOLUME=Volume 9 - 2022

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.1016199

DOI=10.3389/fmars.2022.1016199

ISSN=2296-7745

ABSTRACT=Urban bays have been considered to have a high \ce{CO2} absorption function due to the high nutrient load and resultant primary production.
It is expected to enhance the function by promoting a blue carbon policy co-beneficial with strengthening ecosystem services such as fisheries.
Estimates of \ce{CO2} absorption in urban bays have been based mostly on fragmentary information from shipboard observations, and an evaluation based on continuous observation of water quality is necessary considering the large spatio-temporal variability of such bay environment.
In particular, Tokyo Bay has a specific feature of water pollution problem of hypoxia and anoxia leading to emitting high \ce{CO2}.
Bottom hypoxic and anoxic waters develop from early summer to autumn in the central part of the bay and enclosed areas such as navigation channels and borrow pits.
It is known that p\ce{CO2} becomes very high in these waters, and their upwelling (called blue tide in the bay from the discoloration of the sea surface) is thought to cause high \ce{CO2} emissions; however, the actual situation is unknown.
We developed a practical method for continuous estimation of p\ce{CO2} by appropriately combining continuous observation of water quality using sensors and measurements of carbonate parameters by water sampling.
The results show that a highly reproducible and practical method for continuous estimation of p\ce{CO2} was possible by combining \textit{in-situ} salinity and pH meters and the total alkalinity and calc pH measured by a total alkalinity titrator for water samples.
This method was then applied to the duration of blue tide that occurred in the head of the bay in the summer and autumn of 2021.
The p\ce{CO2} in the surface water was found to increase significantly and exceed 2000 $\mu$atm due to the upwelling of anoxic bottom water containing high p\ce{CO2}.
Mean \ce{CO2} emissions of approximately +2150 and +1540 $\mu$mol m$^{-2}$ h$^{-1}$ were observed at two stations during the upwelling period.
The mean values rose to +2390 and +2190 $\mu$mol m$^{-2}$ h$^{-1}$ with the blue tide and lowered to +810 and +1120 $\mu$mol m$^{-2}$ h$^{-1}$ without it, suggesting that high \ce{CO2} emissions may occur due to upwelling, especially with blue tides.