AUTHOR=Rometius Steel , Wang Wei 

TITLE=Unlocking the global commons: legal analysis of benefit-sharing for marine genetic resources in the BBNJ agreement

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1541331

DOI=10.3389/fmars.2025.1541331

ISSN=2296-7745

ABSTRACT=The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement marks a significant step in governing global commons, yet faces implementation challenges regarding marine genetic resources (MGRs). Key limitations include ambiguous definitions of derivatives, tension between freedom of high seas and common heritage principles, and uncertain benefit-sharing models. In response, this paper proposes three improvements: (1) expanding MGRs interpretation under the Vienna Convention to include derivatives, accompanied by a clarifying negative list; (2) implementing a phased benefit-sharing mechanism that progressively incorporates common heritage principles as MGRs approach commercialization; and (3) developing a hybrid model combining monetary and non-monetary contributions with minimum standards to ensure benefits for developing States. These solutions would enhance marine biodiversity protection while ensuring equitable distribution of MGR benefits.