AUTHOR=Kumar B. Praveen , Raj Abhijith , Sasidharan Asish K. , Sureshkumar N. , Gnanaraj A. A. , Sankar Deepak , Ramasundaram K. , Jampana Venkata , Rama Rao E. Pattabhi 

TITLE=INCOIS air-sea Flux Reference System onboard ORV Sagar Nidhi: overview and initial results

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1570854

DOI=10.3389/fmars.2025.1570854

ISSN=2296-7745

ABSTRACT=Accurate estimation of air-sea fluxes is essential for advancing ocean modeling, observational studies, and understanding air-sea interactions. To address this need, the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) developed and deployed a Flux Reference System (INCOIS-FRS) onboard ORV Sagar Nidhi. This article provides an overview of the system, its components, data acquisition methods, flux computation techniques, and preliminary results. The INCOIS-FRS integrates an Eddy Covariance Flux System (ECFS) and an Automated Weather Station (AWS). The ECFS collects high-frequency (20 Hz) data to directly estimate the latent heat flux (LHF), sensible heat flux (SHF), and momentum flux (τ) using the Eddy Covariance (EC) method. The AWS records meteorological and oceanic variables at 1 Hz, enabling flux estimates using the COARE 3.5 algorithm. A spectrally flat Class-A pyranometer and a pyrgeometer provide climate-grade measurements of downward shortwave and longwave radiation, which, combined with EC-derived SHF and LHF, yield the net heat flux. This article presents preliminary results inferred from data collected by INCOIS-FRS during a cruise in the Arabian Sea from 1–16 July 2023. Data from this system are useful for validating model outputs and satellite observations, refining flux parameterizations, marine boundary layer studies, and improving air-sea interaction models. INCOIS-FRS represents a first step toward equipping more oceanographic platforms, both crewed and uncrewed, with flux reference units. Future plans include expanding such deployments to enhance observational coverage and support research on air-sea fluxes across the Indian Ocean and other regions.