AUTHOR=Gastineau Romain , Mianowicz Kamila , Dąbek Przemysław , Otis Christian , Lemieux Claude , Turmel Monique , Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska Brygida , Stoyanova Valcana , Krawcewicz Artur , Wróbel Rafał J. , Abramowski Tomasz , Gooday Andrew J. 

TITLE=Xenophyophore-associated mitogenomes: genomic investigations of two specimens from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1582660

DOI=10.3389/fmars.2025.1582660

ISSN=2296-7745

ABSTRACT=IntroductionXenophyophores are large benthic agglutinated Foraminifera that are a major component of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone megafauna.MethodsTwo xenophyophore specimens were obtained and submitted to genomic investigations.ResultsFor both specimens, it was possible to obtain a ca. 25 kb circular xenophyophore-associated mitochondrial genome (XAM) showing similar gene contents with other Retaria, with which they are associated by a maximum likelihood multiprotein phylogeny. One of the specimens yielded a complete cluster of nuclear rRNA genes, the first to be obtained from a xenophyophore. Another full cluster of rRNA, likely belonging to Endomyxa parasites, was found within both specimens.DiscussionAlthough the agglutinated nature of xenophyophores currently prevents a definitive conclusion, the mitogenomes obtained may represent the first to be obtained from those foraminifera. Deeper enquiries are required in order to properly ascribe these genomes to their host organism and to clarify the nature of the possibly parasitic Rhizaria associated with the xenophyophores.