AUTHOR=Jyothimurugan Mohan , Pavithra S. , Deepika Roselind J. 

TITLE=Efficient underwater ecological monitoring with embedded AI: detecting Crown-of-Thorns Starfish via DCGAN and YOLOv6

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1658205

DOI=10.3389/fmars.2025.1658205

ISSN=2296-7745

ABSTRACT=IntroductionCoral reefs are among the most vital and diverse ecosystems on the planet, providing habitats for marine life, supporting fisheries, and protecting coastlines. However, they are increasingly threatened by outbreaks of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (COTS), a coral-eating predator capable of causing large-scale reef destruction. Traditional monitoring methods rely on manual diver surveys, which are time-consuming, labour-intensive, and unsuitable for rapid large-scale assessments.MethodsTo address these limitations, this study proposes an AI-powered framework for detecting COTS in underwater imagery. The system integrates advanced deep learning object detection techniques with synthetic data augmentation to improve model robustness and adaptability under complex underwater conditions. Synthetic training images were generated to expand dataset variability, while optimized detection models were designed for high accuracy and real-time inference.ResultsThe final detection model demonstrated strong performance, achieving a precision of 0.927, recall of 0.903, and mAP@50 of 0.938. These results indicate the effectiveness of the framework in accurately identifying COTS across diverse underwater environments.Discussion and ConclusionThe proposed solution is designed for deployment on embedded systems, ensuring practical, scalable, and efficient monitoring of coral reef ecosystems. By enabling real-time and high-accuracy detection of COTS, this framework supports timely interventions and contributes to the conservation and ecological resilience of coral reefs, particularly in vulnerable regions such as the Great Barrier Reef.