<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    <rss version="2.0">
      <channel xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/">
        <title>Frontiers in Materials | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Frontiers in Materials | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
        <generator>Frontiers Feed Generator,version:1</generator>
        <pubDate>2026-06-24T11:36:40.367+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1865686</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1865686</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries: balancing closed-pore storage, surface reactivity, and sodium inventory]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Haotian Wu</author><author>Bangsheng Yin</author><author>Guangyuan Wang</author><author>Xianzheng Liu</author><author>Chao Jin</author><author>Xiaoming Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Hard carbon has become the most realistic anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries because it combines low cost, structural robustness, and relatively high reversible sodium storage capacity. However, the practical value of hard carbon is not determined only by its gravimetric capacity. For full-cell sodium-ion batteries, the usable capacity must be considered together with initial Coulombic efficiency, interfacial stability, electrode density, rate capability, and the availability of active sodium. This review discusses hard carbon from the perspective of “storage-site economy”, where closed pores, graphitic nanodomains, defects, and surface functional groups are evaluated according to both their contribution to reversible Na storage and their tendency to trigger irreversible sodium consumption. First, the structural origin of hard carbon is briefly discussed, emphasizing how non-graphitizable carbon frameworks create turbostratic layers and nanoconfined pores. Then, sodium storage mechanisms are reconsidered by linking sloping capacity, plateau capacity, and low-voltage pore filling with practical risks such as sodium plating, sluggish diffusion, and unstable solid–electrolyte interphase formation. Special attention is given to precursor selection and pyrolysis control, because they regulate the balance between closed-pore capacity and exposed surface area. Finally, interface engineering and pre-sodiation strategies are discussed as necessary tools for transferring hard-carbon anodes from half-cell evaluation to full-cell operation. This review highlights that future hard carbon design should not simply maximize total capacity; instead, it should maximize reversible closed-pore utilization while minimizing irreversible surface reactions and sodium inventory loss.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1872855</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1872855</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Multilevel entropy-inspired engineering of MXenes for energy storage: from M-site disorder to surface-termination complexity]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Haotian Wu</author><author>Huijie Jia</author><author>Wenyue Si</author><author>Peikai Zhang</author><author>Shengjun Ji</author><author>Jiawen Tian</author>
        <description><![CDATA[MXenes have attracted broad interest in electrochemical energy storage owing to their two-dimensional layered structures, high electrical conductivity, hydrophilic surfaces, and tunable chemistry. However, conventional MXenes still suffer from restacking, restricted ion transport, insufficient interfacial stability, and limited active-site diversity. In recent years, high-entropy strategies have offered new opportunities for regulating MXene structures and properties by introducing multiple transition metals into M sites. Nevertheless, high-entropy MXenes should not be regarded merely as multimetal M-site solid solutions, because their energy-storage behavior is governed by the entire Mn+1XnTx architecture. In this mini review, we propose multilevel entropy engineering as a framework for understanding and designing MXene-based energy-storage materials, with emphasis on the coupled roles of M-site multimetal entropy, X-site C/N chemistry, and surface-termination configurational disorder. M-site entropy mainly regulates multimetal frameworks, lattice distortion, and electronic structures; X-site C/N chemical complexity affects M–X bonding, framework polarity, and interlayer environments; and surface-termination configurational disorder can influence ion adsorption, diffusion pathways, and interfacial reactions. We further discuss how multilevel entropy engineering influences charge transfer, ion transport, interfacial adsorption/catalysis, and cycling stability, and summarize its design implications for Li+, Na+, and Zn2+ storage, supercapacitors, and sulfur-based batteries. By distinguishing M-site high-entropy design from X-site chemical complexity and surface-termination configurational disorder, this mini review provides a terminology-consistent and mechanism-oriented framework for entropy-engineered MXene electrodes.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1816072</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1816072</link>
        <title><![CDATA[On the detection of re-entrant features from metal additively manufactured samples and their correlations with manufacturing parameters]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Tomasz Bartkowiak</author><author>Michał Jakubowicz</author><author>Patryk Mietliński</author><author>Michał Wieczorowski</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Metal additive manufacturing (AM), particularly laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), often yields complex surface topographies that include re-entrant features—undercut geometries that cannot be detected or quantified using conventional surface metrology based on single-valued height functions. These features influence key functional properties such as wettability, fatigue strength, and tribological behavior, and may also serve as indicators of sub-optimal processing conditions. In this work, we present a systematic methodology for the detection and quantification of re-entrant features from cross-sectional profiles obtained via high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT). Titanium alloy samples (Ti-6Al-4V) were manufactured using 20 combinations of laser power and scanning speed. From each reconstructed volume, profiles were extracted and analyzed using a geometric algorithm based on B-spline form fitting and projection tracking. Two quantitative metrics were introduced to describe the share of re-entrant features with respect to both the total profile length and its fitted form. Statistical evaluation using two-way ANOVA revealed that laser power has a significant effect on re-entrant feature intensity (p < 0.05), whereas scanning speed showed no meaningful influence within the tested range. Linear regression confirmed a strong correlation (R2 > 0.9) between both metrics and laser power. The results demonstrate that insufficient energy input promotes the formation of re-entrant geometries through incomplete melting and particle bonding. The proposed method enables quantitative assessment of complex AM surface features that are inaccessible to traditional instruments, offering a pathway toward improved process control, surface quality evaluation, and functional performance optimization in metal AM. The geometry-based nature of the method suggests its applicability to a broader range of materials and additive manufacturing processes, provided appropriate imaging resolution is achieved.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1860387</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1860387</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Evaluation of orthodontic bracket bond strength and debonding effects on various restorative materials: an in vitro study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Khalid Almoammar</author><author>Abdullah Alsaikhan</author><author>Fahad Almutairi</author><author>Abdullah Aladwani</author><author>Rakan Alghaslan</author><author>Haya AlEid</author><author>Abdulaziz Alqahtani</author><author>Syed Rashid Habib</author>
        <description><![CDATA[AimThis study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of conventional orthodontic brackets bonded to various restorative materials using resing bonding agent (Assure®-Plus, All Surface Bonding Resin, Reliance Orthodontic Products Inc. 1,540 West Thorndale Ave. Itasca, IL 60143 United States) and to assess the surface alterations of these materials following bracket debonding.Materials and MethodsA total of 120 specimens were prepared from four commonly used restorative materials: Group-1: Lithium Disilicate (IPS-E.max-Press®, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Lichtenstein); Group-2: Zirconia (Ceramill-ZI®, Zolid ZI, Amann Girrbach GmbH, Dürrenweg 40, 75,177 Pforzheim, Germany); Group-3: Composite Resin (IPS-Empress-Direct®, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Lichtenstein); and Group-4: Bisacryl resin (Protemp™-4®, Provisional Material, 3 M ESPE, United States). Stainless steel maxillary central incisor brackets were bonded to each specimen following the manufacturers’ protocols. SBS was determined using a Universal Testing Machine (Instron®, Canton, MA, United States). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test.ResultsIPS-Empress-Direct® group exhibited significantly lower mean maximum load and SBS values compared to the other three materials (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found among IPS- E.max-Press®, Ceramill-ZI®, and Protemp™-4®. Cohesive failures within the bonding material occurred in 59% of specimens, predominantly in Groups 1 and 2, while cohesive failures within the restorative materials were observed in 41% of specimens, most frequently in Group 3.ConclusionThe composite resin (IPS-Empress-Direct®) demonstrated significantly lower bond strength compared to IPS- E.max-Press®, Ceramill-ZI®, and Protemp™-4®. All materials exhibited varying degrees of adhesive remnants and surface roughness following debonding.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1872977</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1872977</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Embedded 3D printing beyond formability: process-window design, interfacial fidelity and application reliability]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Mini Review</category>
        <author>Rongji Tang</author><author>Zhenghui Wang</author><author>Changkun Zhang</author><author>Liansong Wang</author><author>Liancheng Zheng</author><author>He Kong</author><author>Shuo Li</author><author>Xianzheng Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Embedded 3D printing (EMB-3DP) has changed the way soft, flowable and functional materials are shaped in three-dimensional space. By depositing inks inside a supporting medium rather than in air, this technique reduces gravitational collapse, allows freeform toolpaths and enables the fabrication of structures that are difficult to obtain by conventional additive manufacturing. However, the further development of embedded 3D printing should not be judged only by whether complex shapes can be printed. For practical use, the more important question is whether the printed structure can retain its geometry, interface quality and function during printing, curing, support removal and long-term service. This review discusses embedded 3D printing from the perspective of process-window design and application reliability. Particular attention is given to rheological matching, interfacial instability, structural suspension, sacrificial-material removal, and the functional durability of printed devices. Flexible electronics, vascularized tissues, soft robots and microfluidic systems are used as representative examples to show that printing fidelity and device reliability are closely linked. Finally, challenges and future directions are proposed, including quantitative printability maps, recyclable support systems, interface-aware multi-material design and closed-loop process control.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1906521</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1906521</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Expression of Concern: Hybrids of SiO2 substrate and electrospun Ni-MOF/polysulfone fibers for an efficient removal of CH4 gas pollution]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-22T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Correction</category>
        
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1831574</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1831574</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Engineering metal-ion microenvironment modulation for spinal cord injury: from controlled release platforms to regeneration]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-18T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Dinghai Zhou</author><author>Taiyun Zeng</author><author>Nanlamao Suo</author><author>Xiaoli Yin</author><author>Sheng Zhang</author><author>Zhansheng Lu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a major cause of long-term disability, largely because the adult central nervous system has limited intrinsic regenerative capacity and is further constrained by secondary injury cascades, including neuroinflammation, blood–spinal cord barrier disruption, oxidative stress, glial scarring, and progressive cell death. In recent years, metal ions have emerged as promising modulators of the post-injury microenvironment due to their distinct coordination chemistry and biological functions, enabling multi-pathway regulation of immune responses, redox homeostasis, cell survival, axonal regeneration, and synaptic plasticity. However, free-ion administration is hindered by rapid diffusion, uncontrolled biodistribution, and potential systemic toxicity, highlighting the need to precisely control the “dose–time–target” relationship in vivo. This review summarizes current advances in metal-ion-based strategies for SCI repair, with an emphasis on biomaterial-enabled spatiotemporal delivery platforms, including hydrogels, scaffolds, nanoparticles, and metal–organic frameworks. We compare biodegradable versus non-biodegradable metal-related systems and discuss representative ion modalities (Zn2+, Mg2+, Li+, Ca2+, Fe2+/Fe3+, and gold-based nanomaterials), detailing their mechanisms in immune modulation, antioxidation/ferroptosis regulation, neuroprotection, and regeneration. We further highlight multi-ion combination approaches that align stage-specific ion signaling with the acute, subacute, and chronic phases of SCI pathology to enable synergistic, multi-target intervention. Finally, we analyze key translational challenges—including release precision, long-term biosafety, and individualized regimen design—and propose future directions for clinically oriented, programmable metal-ion therapies.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1838502</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1838502</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Optimization of injection molding parameters for automotive brake fluid reservoirs: design of experiments study across 27 industrial machines]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Jibran Hussain</author><author>Jiang Daping</author><author>Zhu Nanyang</author><author>Luo Zhenwei</author><author>Chen Yong</author><author>Zhang Jianfeng</author><author>Asif Raza</author><author>Anjum Shahzad</author><author>Zhou Sen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study presents a comprehensive design of experiments (DOE) investigation into warpage reduction for automotive brake fluid reservoir safety-critical components, in which dimensional accuracy directly affects braking system integrity. A total of 1,320 physical experiments were conducted across 27 industrial injection molding machines, encompassing 10 material grades and 50 product variants. Response surface methodology (RSM), incorporating quadratic and interaction terms, achieved strong predictive capability (R2=0.852, adjusted R2=0.851), identifying cooling time as the dominant process parameter. Simple linear regression demonstrated that cooling time alone explains 83.8% of warpage variation (R2=0.838; p<0.001), with each additional second reducing warpage by approximately 23.0 µm. Process capability analysis revealed severe process incapability under current operating conditions, with only 7.1% of parts meeting the 0.5 mm specification limit. Model-based optimization indicates that achieving specification compliance requires increasing the cooling time from the current average of 42.2 s to approximately 78.0 s, representing an 85% extension in cooling duration. Two-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant machine effects () p<0.0001, material effects (p<0.0001), and machine–material interaction effects (p<0.0001). Post-hoc analysis identified optimal machine–material pairings, with the combination of Machine 3,111 and PPEP300H material achieving warpage as low as 0.592 mm. These results demonstrate that strategic machine material pairing can substantially reduce defects without fully extending the cooling time. This large-scale industrial investigation provides statistically rigorous and practically actionable guidelines for process optimization in safety-critical automotive applications. These findings demonstrate that comprehensive DOE frameworks, coupled with capability analysis and interaction modeling, can convert fundamentally incapable processes into capable systems through scientifically validated parameter optimization.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1714763</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1714763</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Energy evolution and damage-failure characteristics of FACs UHPC under cyclic loading ]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yunfei Xiao</author><author>Jinjin Ge</author><author>Wei Huang</author><author>Peiyuan Chen</author><author>Lingxia Huang</author><author>Shancheng Wen</author><author>Boxin Su</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is widely used in impact-resistant and fatigue-prone engineering structures, yet its inherent brittleness remains a critical challenge. To reveal the influence mechanism of fly ash cenospheres (FACs) on energy dissipation and damage evolution path of UHPC under cyclic loading, the FACs-UHPC mix ratio was optimized through orthogonal experiments, and its mechanical properties under uniaxial compression and cyclic loading-unloading were analyzed. The results show that: 1) The water-cement ratio and steel fiber content had the greatest influence on the fluidity and compressive strength of UHPC mixtures, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of fly ash cenospheres also improved the fluidity of UHPC. Through range analysis on compressive strength and fluidity indices, the optimal mix proportion (A3B4C2D2) was determined. 2)The residual stress in preferred group (20 cycles) under cyclic compression load was 55.8% of peak stress, which was greater than that in control group (33.5%). Meanwhile, the control group and the preferred group reached the peak load after 10 and 13 cycles, respectively, which reflected that the preferred group of specimens had a better ductility. 3) Under the action of external load, the synergistic effect of fly ash cenospheres crushing and subsequent crack propagation significantly absorbed substantial energy, thereby delaying structural failure. The crack-blocking synergy between fly ash cenospheres and fibers further enhanced energy consumed by crack propagation, that is, effectively mitigating the brittle failure mode of UHPC.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1839264</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1839264</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Characterization of concealed pavement distresses based on ground-penetrating radar: an integrated experimental and numerical study]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xiaodong Jiao</author><author>Shengjie Liu</author><author>Jianping Xiong</author><author>Xiaochao Li</author><author>Hui Li</author><author>Jianan Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThis work aims to establish and validate the characteristic ground penetrating radar (GPR) signatures for three typical concealed pavement distresses, namely, cracking, loosening, and voiding, by integrating laboratory experiments and numerical simulations.MethodsIn this work, laboratory-scale pavement structure models with artificially preset multiple distresses were established, and GPR scanning was performed using a 1600 MHz antenna. A multiphase discrete random medium model was further developed for numerical simulation, and the GPR data were processed through time-zero correction, background removal, filtering, and gain compensation to systematically extract image features and single-trace waveform characteristics of different distresses.ResultsThe results show that the experimentally detected GPR responses are in good agreement with the numerical simulation results in terms of distress location, depth, and waveform characteristics. Cracking distresses are characterized by a downwardopening curved reflection with strong amplitude, loosening distresses exhibit relatively weak linear banded reflections, whereas voiding distresses present enhanced linear reflections accompanied by pronounced interference waves, making voids more distinguishable than loosening defects.DiscussionThis work establishes an identification atlas of typical concealed pavement distresses based on GPR characteristics, providing a reliable technical reference for rapid distress identification and informed pavement maintenance decision-making.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1831858</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1831858</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Reaction mechanisms of the hydration products of solidified sulfate saline soils in the long-term solid waste period]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-16T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chongyang Wang</author><author>Jingwei Gong</author><author>Chong Shi</author><author>Miaomiao Gong</author><author>Zeshi Ren</author>
        <description><![CDATA[To ensure effective utilization of saline soils in cold and arid areas as engineering materials, we used calcium carbide slag along with slag, slag + fly ash, and fly ash as the cementitious materials to solidify sulfate saline soil. We then studied the effects of the salt content, calcium carbide slag content, and aging period on the compressive strengths of solidified soil samples containing different compositions of the active cementitious materials. The hydration products of the solidified soil samples were characterized under different conditions by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results of these analyses showed thast the salt and calcium carbide slag contents significantly affected the strengths of the solidified soil samples. When the salt content was 3.1% and calcium carbide slag content was 7%, the synergistic effects were found to be maximal in the solidified soil system containing different active cementitious materials. Moreover, under high salt content and a lengthy aging period, we found that stronger activities of the cementitious materials were not linked to higher strengths of the solidified soil samples. Through experimental evaluations, we found that the influence of high salt content on the solidified soil was reflected in changes in the amounts of hydration products formed and the corresponding pore structure.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1813690</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1813690</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effect of fly ash and metakaolin on early-age autogenous shrinkage and mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-15T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yutai Liu</author><author>Ruiqing Hao</author><author>Lin Liao</author><author>Jinchang Zhao</author><author>Zhiling Liao</author><author>Zebiao Hou</author><author>Mingji Ding</author>
        <description><![CDATA[To address the severe autogenous shrinkage and high cracking risk caused by the extremely low water-to-binder ratio in traditional ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), this study incorporates fly ash (FA, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and metakaolin (MK, 5%, 10%, and 15%) individually, as well as in binary blending (20% total replacement), as partial cement replacements in UHPC production. All specimens were subjected to standard room-temperature curing conditions (20 °C ± 2 °C). The effects and underlying mechanisms of FA and MK on the rheological properties, mechanical properties, shrinkage behavior, and microstructure of UHPC were systematically investigated. The results of experiments and microscopic analysis (XRD and SEM) indicate that while the incorporation of FA reduces the mechanical properties slightly, it significantly enhances the rheological performance and effectively mitigates early-age autogenous shrinkage of UHPC. On the other hand, although the addition of MK impairs both the rheological and mechanical properties of UHPC slightly, it notably compensates for autogenous shrinkage deformation. With a binary blend of 20% (10% FA and 10% MK), the 28 days compressive strength of UHPC was 85.5% that of the control group, the tensile strength increased by 3.3%, and early-age autogenous shrinkage decreased by 28.4%. Although MK reduces the rheology due to its competitive water consumption with cement particles, the micro-expansion products generated by its highly reactive components, as confirmed by XRD and SEM analyses, significantly alleviate autogenous shrinkage. This study provides an effective strategy for autogenous shrinkage control in UHPC.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1715897</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1715897</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Sand shape effect on the hydraulic conductivity and compressibility of clay sand liners]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Muawia Dafalla</author><author>Abdullah A. Shaker</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Designing environmental protection barriers requires careful consideration in the choice of coastal sand material used in clay-sand mixtures. The purpose of this study is to present a comparison and guide between two methodologies to investigate sands of different nature and shapes for the hydraulic conductivity and compressibility. Hydraulic conductivity is generally measured using the falling head test, which was carried out in a cell with a rigid lateral wall and one-dimensional water flow. The flexible wall method is another approach that simulates the natural field conditions. ASTM D5084 and BS1337-6:1990 were found appropriate to provide reliable hydraulic conductivity values. The differences in hydraulic conductivity measurements are expressed in terms of orders of magnitude. A flexible wall, falling head permeameter unit in which lateral confinement can be controlled and changed, was utilized for this study. The flow was found to assume different passages with enlarged tracks when confinement is relaxed. The sphericity of the sand grains used in this study indicated a 0.860 for rounded grains and 0.642 for the angular grains. The tests conducted enabled comparison of compressibility and geotechnical parameters for the clay sand mixtures, including sand of different shapes and angularity. The differences obtained for the hydraulic properties are influenced by the grain size and shape. Predicted hydraulic conductivity and compressibility depends to a greater extent on the shape and sand texture. The obtained results can be used as a predictive guide to liner performance and field applications.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1828526</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1828526</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Fabrication and sustained-release characterization of a TRPC3-inhibitor-loaded electrospun PVA nanofiber scaffold]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Gemma Toogood</author><author>Liping Zhang</author><author>Dejian Ma</author><author>Vijay Boda</author><author>Wei Li</author><author>Robin Evans</author><author>Junwang Xu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[PurposeElectrospun nanofiber scaffolds are an appealing platform for localized small-molecule delivery, but burst release from hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) limits their utility for sustained pharmacologic exposure. In this proof-of-concept study, we developed and characterized a fabrication protocol for PVA nanofiber scaffolds (NFSs) loaded with a novel selective transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) inhibitor to determine whether the inhibitor can be incorporated into an electrospun PVA scaffold without disrupting the fiber architecture and evaluate the impact of thermal crosslinking on the release characteristics. The biological activity of this TRPC3 inhibitor in diabetic dermal fibroblasts was characterized previously by our group; the present study addresses the prerequisite engineering before in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the NFS.MethodsNFSs were fabricated by blend electrospinning of PVA with a selective TRPC3 inhibitor. NFSs were thermally crosslinked at 130 °C and 160 °C for 30, 60, and 120 min. Fiber morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with automated diameter analysis. Drug release was quantified by LC–MS triple quadrupole at 30 min and 24 h.ResultsSEM confirmed uniform bead-free nanofibers with preserved architecture following drug incorporation (drug-free 160.0 ± 78.3 nm and drug-loaded 191.6 ± 100.0 nm; p < 0.001). Reduced syringe speed increased the mean fiber diameter from 114.2 ± 60.7 nm to 157.3 ± 76.2 nm (p < 0.001). Thermal crosslinking produced temperature- and duration-dependent fiber diameter changes (p < 0.001). Crosslinked scaffolds released 213 nM of TRPC3 inhibitor at 30 min and 335 nM at 24 h (cumulative loading 654.3 pmol/cm2), demonstrating sustained release. Non-crosslinked scaffolds exhibited burst release with no appreciable accumulation between the time-points (93 nM at 30 min and 90 nM at 24 h; cumulative loading 179.3 pmol/cm2).ConclusionA novel selective TRPC3 inhibitor was successfully incorporated into a PVA-based electrospun nanofiber scaffold without disruption of the fiber architecture, and thermal crosslinking converted the burst-release behavior typical of PVA into sustained release over a 24-h interval. These findings establish the fabrication and release characteristics of this drug–scaffold combination as the prerequisite foundation for subsequent in vitro and in vivo evaluation in diabetic wound-healing models.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1836853</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1836853</link>
        <title><![CDATA[The effect of treatment way of wash water form ready-mixed concrete plant on the properties of mortar]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-11T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Haitao Zhou</author><author>Xianwei Ma</author><author>Xiao Wang</author><author>Feng jian Zhang</author><author>Lanzhen Yu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The settling time of wash water from a ready-mixed concrete plant in a tank will affect its solid content and ion concentrations, which will further influence the properties of new concrete mixed using that wash water. However, the effects of settling time and ion concentration have received scant attention. A method of simulating wash water formation in a ready-mixed concrete plant was provided in this article. Different settling times were designed, and a retarding component (RC) was added to change the solid content and ionic concentrations. The fluidity, strength, and hydration of mortar mixed with wash water were studied. The results show that a long wash water settling time can improve the strength of mortar, but the RC will increase the solid content and reduce the ion concentrations in the wash water. As a result, a longer settling time is required. In a word, a suitable wash water settling time is beneficial to mortar properties.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1834842</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1834842</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Ultrasonic very-high-cycle fatigue of PBF-LBed AlSi10Mg: effects of specimen size, control volume and defect statistics]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhiwei Ma</author><author>Lu Liu</author><author>Yingjie Deng</author><author>Hang Su</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The specimen-size effect in very-high-cycle fatigue (VHCF) of additively manufactured (AM) metals arises from the statistical nature of defect-controlled crack initiation. In this work, the ultrasonic VHCF behavior of powder bed fusion–laser beam–fabricated (PBF-LBed) AlSi10Mg was examined using axially loaded specimens with different gauge sizes, representing distinct control volumes. A pronounced negative size effect on VHCF strength was observed, despite identical nominal stress amplitudes. Fatigue cracks consistently initiate from internal and subsurface lack-of-fusion defects surrounded by fine granular areas (FGAs), indicating that the size effect results from statistical scaling of critical defect populations rather than a change in initiation mechanism. Weibull-based probabilistic S–N curves accurately describe fatigue life scatter, and a control-volume-based weakest-link model provides physically consistent and conservative descriptions of size-dependent VHCF behavior. These results demonstrate that the VHCF size effect in PBF-LBed AlSi10Mg is a statistical-mechanical phenomenon governed by defect populations within the stressed volume, offering a mechanics-informed basis for fatigue life assessment and size extrapolation of AM components.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1795783</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1795783</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Physical and mechanical properties of self-compacting lime-cement-fly ash mixtures]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Dongguo Li</author><author>Yuhang Cui</author><author>Hongjun Zhang</author><author>Xuemin Zhao</author><author>Fanghui Guo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Developing subgrade materials that combine environmental benefits with engineering performance offers an effective pathway for fly ash utilization. This study systematically investigated the physical and mechanical properties and optimized the mix design of a lime-cement-fly ash mixture (L.C.F.mix). Specimens were prepared with varied lime content, cement content, foaming agent dosage, and water content. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed to elucidate relationships between macroscopic properties and microscopic structure. Rough set theory quantified the influence of lime content, cement content and foaming agent dosage on UCS. The results indicated that the UCS of the L.C.F.mix increased significantly with curing age. UCS values exceeded 0.6 MPa at 7 days and 1.2 MPa at 28 days. Both values meet the strength requirements for highway subgrade materials. Increasing the total lime-cement content from 12% to 14% produced gradual strength gains. In contrast, increasing the foaming agent dosage from 1:50 to 1:30 reduced strength. An inflection point was observed at a foaming agent dosage of 1:45. The 28 days dry density ranged from 777 to 852 kg × m-3, indicating that the material can be classified as lightweight. Rough set analysis ranked the factors influencing UCS as follows: cement content > foaming agent dosage > lime content. Ultrasonic pulse velocity correlated positively with cement content. This trend indicated increased matrix densification with higher cement content. SEM and EDS analyses confirmed that specimens with uniform distribution of elements (Si, Al, Ca, Fe) formed dense three-dimensional networks via hydration products. This microstructure thus conferred optimal structural integrity. The recommended optimal mix ratio for L.C.F.mix is lime:cement:fly ash = 6:8:88, with a water content of 52% and a foaming agent dosage of 1:45. The findings provide a scientific basis for large-scale application of the L.C.F.mix in hard-to-compact areas, such as abutment backs and narrow structures, and support advancements in green infrastructure and industrial waste recycling.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1849375</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1849375</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Bridging processing and performance in Ti–6Al–4V: WAAM parameters and wear behavior across traditional and additive manufacturing routes]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Sachin Kumar Badhan</author><author>Pradeep Raja C</author><author>Anirban Chakraborty</author><author>Rhoda Afriyie Mensah</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has garnered attention in academia and industry and has huge potential because of its ability to fabricate complex geometry and economic viability compared to other metal additive manufacturing (MAM) processes. Its unparalleled design freedom, ability to manufacture near-net shaped components, less material wastage, ability to produce large components with a variety of materials, and flexibility in influencing material properties by varying the process parameters makes WAAM promising for industry. Ti–6Al–4V is the most prevalent titanium alloy because of its exceptional material properties and extensive application in aerospace industry, the marine sector, and bio-medical implants, among others. However, its use is limited due to its poor wear behavior due to oxidation, delamination, and spalling. Thus, it is crucial to improve the wear resistance of Ti–6Al–4V by surface engineering, manufacturing processes, and post-process treatments. In this review, we aim to provide a brief introduction to popular MAM processes, process parameters of WAAM, and path planning that influence the material properties and explore the wear behavior of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy in different environmental conditions, process parameters, and post-processing treatments. Due to the dearth of literature available on the wear behavior of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy manufactured using WAAM, the wear behavior of Ti–6Al–4V manufactured by L-PBF, SLM, and other conventional methods is reviewed. Additionally, this review paves the path of future exploration of the wear characteristics of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy manufactured by WAAM.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1799264</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1799264</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Study on seismic response of gabbro rock slope based on the back slope effect]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Lei Zhang</author><author>Yunsheng Wang</author><author>Zhihua Tan</author><author>Yanyun Fan</author><author>Fasen Jiang</author><author>Jian Mi</author><author>Hongbiao Xu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionThe Back Slope Effect (BSE) describes the tendency of slopes facing seismic wave propagation (back slopes) to suffer more landslides than slopes facing the opposite direction (front slopes). Despite its importance in seismic hazard assessment, quantitative verification and mechanical interpretation of BSE remain limited. Using the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake as a case study, this paper combines field investigation with 3D numerical simulation to confirm the existence of BSE and analyze its underlying mechanism.MethodsThe study area lies in Yinxing Village, Wenchuan County, a high-mountain valley terrain underlain primarily by gabbro. Landslide distribution and geological characteristics were mapped through remote sensing interpretation and field survey. A 3D geological model of the B01 landslide zone was built in FLAC3D. Seismic input was derived from records at the Wolong monitoring station, with dominant frequencies restricted to below 20 Hz and Rayleigh damping set at 5%. Eighteen pairs of monitoring points were installed across the back and front slopes to capture and compare dynamic responses.Results Simulations show consistent amplification on the back slope. Acceleration and stress values at the majority of monitoring points exceed those on the front slope; specifically, 13 out of 18-point pairs record higher x-direction acceleration. Plastic zone analysis reveals more extensive shear failure development on the back slope. Amplification is elevation-dependent and nonlinear: acceleration peaks in the middle-lower slope (1020-1080 m), whereas displacement and stress amplification in the y and z directions become pronounced at higher elevations, with z-direction stress maximizing at 1860 m. Field measurements validate the numerical outcomes: landslide linear density on the back slope reaches 0.0013 m-1, markedly higher than on the front slope.DiscussionThese results establish BSE as a key control on seismic landslide distribution. The observed nonlinear amplification, i.e., mid-to-lower slope acceleration concentration combined with upper-slope stress buildup, explains why back slopes experience higher failure rates under seismic loading. The quantified amplification patterns offer direct support for risk zoning and early-warning system design in back-slope areas.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1803728</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1803728</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Study on the evolution law and multi-scale damage mechanism of emulsified asphalt under aging environment]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-06-04T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chao Hu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the durability of emulsified asphalt in aging environment is taken as the research object, and its performance evolution law and multi-scale damage mechanism under the action of aging factors are systematically explored. By simulating different aging cycles, macroscopic performance tests (including penetration, ductility, softening point and viscosity), dynamic rheological tests (dynamic shear rheology, multi-stress creep recovery, linear amplitude scanning) and microscopic characterization (scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy) were carried out to comprehensively analyze the structural evolution and performance response of emulsified asphalt during aging process from macroscopic, rheological and microscopic scales. The results show that with the extension of aging time, the light component of emulsified asphalt is transformed into the heavy component, the intermolecular force is enhanced, the material gradually becomes hard and brittle, the elastic component increases, and the viscous component decreases. Macroscopically, the penetration and ductility decreased significantly, the softening point continued to rise, and the viscosity showed a fast-slow growth trend with time. The rut factor of rheological properties increases with the deepening of aging, the strain recovery ability decreases, the unrecoverable creep compliance increases, the fatigue life decreases significantly, and the fatigue life decrease rate increases with the increase of strain, which are 94.28%, 94.96% and 97.74%, respectively. The microstructure shows that the surface is gradually dense and corrosion products appear, and the molecular structure undergoes oxidation and condensation reactions. Furthermore, combined with molecular dynamics simulation, the change rules of bulk modulus, shear modulus and diffusion coefficient of emulsified asphalt during aging process were revealed from the molecular scale, and the internal mechanism of mechanical property degradation was clarified. This study provides a multi-scale theoretical basis for further understanding the damage mechanism of emulsified asphalt in aging environment, and lays a scientific foundation for the development of weather-resistant emulsified asphalt materials and the construction of aging protection technology system.]]></description>
      </item>
      </channel>
    </rss>