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        <title>Frontiers in Materials | Structural Materials section | New and Recent Articles</title>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/sections/structural-materials</link>
        <description>RSS Feed for Structural Materials section in the Frontiers in Materials journal | New and Recent Articles</description>
        <language>en-us</language>
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        <pubDate>2026-04-26T21:49:40.126+00:00</pubDate>
        <ttl>60</ttl>
        <item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1846510</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1846510</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Editorial: Sustainable and green materials in geotechnical engineering]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Editorial</category>
        <author>Bing Bai</author><author>Riyadh Al-Raoush</author><author>Reza Taherdangkoo</author><author>Wenbing Wu</author>
        <description></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1755011</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1755011</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Mechanical, durability, and thermal performance of concrete incorporating coffee biochar and raw and calcined montmorillonite]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-21T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Amani Abdallah Hepautwa</author><author>Askwar Hilonga</author><author>Register Mrosso</author><author>Tusekile Alfredy</author><author>Fina Lesafi</author><author>Yusufu Abeid Chande Jande</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionMontmorillonite is a natural aluminosilicate clay with potential as a supplementary cementitious material, although its reactivity in the raw state is limited. This study investigates the effect of raw and calcined montmorillonite on the performance of concrete incorporating 15% pyrolyzed coffee grounds (PCG) at 350 °C.MethodsMontmorillonite calcined at 400, 600, and 800 °C replaced cement at levels of 5%–20%. Mechanical and durability properties were evaluated under acidic, saline, and thermal exposure conditions. Microstructural characterization was conducted using FTIR, XRD, and SEM, and statistical validation was performed using two-way ANOVA.ResultsCalcination enhanced montmorillonite reactivity through amorphization and pozzolanic reactions, resulting in improved pore refinement and matrix densification. Specimens with calcined montmorillonite at 600 °C–800 °C showed superior strength and durability performance.DiscussionThe combined use of calcined montmorillonite and 15% PCG biochar at 350 °C provides a sustainable approach for improving concrete performance.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1762152</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1762152</link>
        <title><![CDATA[In-situ bridge testing and analysis of the mechanical behavior of epoxy asphalt pavement on steel bridge decks]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Hongming Huang</author><author>Guodong Zeng</author><author>Miao Yuan</author><author>Boxiang Yan</author><author>Wei Xu</author><author>Xuetang Xiong</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The mechanical analysis of steel bridge deck pavements relies heavily on theoretical and numerical methods due to the scarcity of experimental data from actual bridges. To address this gap, in situ dynamic load tests were conducted on the Foshan Pingsheng Bridge, a long-span steel bridge with epoxy asphalt pavement, to investigate its mechanical response under vehicular loading. Dynamic strains were measured on both the pavement surface and the underside of the steel deck. Under a 100 kN axle load, maximum strains reached 262 µε on the deck underside and 227 µε on the pavement surface. Results revealed that increasing vehicle speed linearly reduced the strain pulse duration and elevated the elastic modulus of epoxy asphalt concrete, leading to decreased strain magnitudes. Overloading was found to significantly amplify the response; a 150 kN axle load increased dynamic strain by approximately 50% compared to the 100 kN condition. Finite element simulations showed good agreement with field measurements in terms of strain distribution trends. These findings provide critical experimental benchmarks for validating mechanical models and offer practical guidance for the design of durable steel bridge deck pavement systems. By supplying real-bridge data under controlled dynamic loading, a fundamental gap in bridge pavement research is addressed, supporting the development of more resilient and sustainable bridge infrastructure.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1772797</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1772797</link>
        <title><![CDATA[A systematic-informed review on analysis of the surface integrity of silicon carbide treated by electrical discharge machining: recast layer, microcracks, and amorphization]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-17T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Review</category>
        <author>Shuliang Gao</author><author>Ming Wang</author><author>Weichao Chen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Electrical discharge machining (EDM) has emerged as an enabling non-conventional technique for machining silicon carbide (SiC), a ceramic material widely used in high-performance and harsh-environment applications. However, the intense localized thermal loading inherent to EDM can significantly degrade surface integrity, thereby limiting the functional reliability of machined components. This systematic-informed review critically synthesizes published experimental and analytical studies on the surface and subsurface damage of silicon carbide processed by EDM, with particular emphasis on recast layer formation, microcrack development, and amorphization. Following PRISMA-based guidelines, 49 eligible studies were identified and qualitatively analyzed from an initial pool of 328 unique records. The review consolidates reported EDM process variants, key electrical and operational parameters, damage mechanisms, and characterization techniques. The review shows that discharge energy (primarily governed by pulse current, pulse-on time, and voltage) emerges as the dominant factor controlling damage severity. High-energy regimes consistently promote thick recast layers, extensive amorphization, and thermally induced microcracking, whereas low-energy, short-pulse, and assisted EDM configurations mitigate surface degradation. Advanced microstructural characterization, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Focused Ion Beam (FIB), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations, provides converging evidence that EDM-induced damage in SiC is governed by rapid melting, decomposition, and quenching-driven residual stresses. By integrating parameter-damage relationships with experimental observations, this review establishes a coherent framework for understanding EDM-induced surface integrity degradation in silicon carbide and highlights key research gaps and optimization pathways for improved machining quality.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1798717</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1798717</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Macro-micro scale investigation of gradation area effects on particle breakage characteristics of coarse-grained soils]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-14T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xinggang Shen</author><author>Zhiyang Hu</author><author>Yubo Liu</author><author>Zhiming Xiong</author><author>Chaodong Liang</author><author>Jun Du</author><author>Xiao Zhang</author><author>Linhai Lv</author><author>Mingjie Jiang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Particle breakage is a significant cause of deformation and strength degradation in coarse-grained soils. Under the influence of gradation, the characteristics of particle breakage become more complex, posing challenges to the safe design of coarse-grained soil engineering. Previous studies have shown that when the particle size range remains unchanged, the gradation area S can fully represent the gradation changes of the soil. To explore the macroscopic and microscopic effects of the gradation area S on particle breakage, this paper conducts triaxial tests on coarse-grained soils with different gradation areas S, and uses discrete element technology to construct a numerical model to systematically study the macroscopic laws and microscopic mechanisms of particle breakage caused by gradation. The results show that when the confining pressure remains constant, the particle breakage index Br decreases with the increase of the gradation area S, and the two show a linear relationship, with the coefficient of determination exceeding 0.9. Based on the test results, a Br calculation formula considering the influence of the gradation area S is proposed, and the reliability of the formula is verified by combining existing results. The gradation area S significantly changes the microscopic mechanical response by affecting the proportion of coarse particles, and thereby affects the degree of particle breakage. Specifically, as S decreases and the proportion of coarse particles increases, the irregularity of particle motion is significantly enhanced, the proportion of strong chains increases, and the number of tensile fractures increases. The synergistic effect of these microscopic mechanisms is the intrinsic reason for the higher degree of particle breakage in soils with a lower gradation area S. The research results provide theoretical support for the stability design and risk prevention of coarse-grained soil engineering.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1739197</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1739197</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effect of annealing temperature on microstructure, texture and tensile properties of TC4 titanium alloy wire]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhang Mingyu</author><author>Tong Xiaole</author><author>Yue Xu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In this paper, TC4 titanium alloy wire was taken as the research object, and four groups of different temperatures of 920 °C, 940 °C, 960 °C and 980 °C were set to annealing the alloy. The effects of different annealing temperatures on the microstructure, phase, texture and tensile properties of TC4 titanium alloy wire were studied. The results show that with the increase of annealing temperature, the volume fraction of primary α phase decreases and the morphology tends to be equiaxed, while the content of secondary α phase increases. After annealing at different temperatures, the microstructure is composed of α phase and β phase. The diffraction peak intensity of α phase as the main phase is higher, while the content of β phase is less and the diffraction peak is weaker. The texture analysis shows that the orientation concentration of the alloy changes from <10-10> and <11-20> directions to <11-20> single direction with the increase of annealing temperature, and the texture strength decreases from 7.48 to 5.27. In terms of tensile properties, the strength of the alloy remains stable when the annealing temperature is 920–940 °C. When the temperature rises to 960 °C, the strength increases significantly and the plasticity decreases. At 980 °C, the strength reaches the peak (tensile strength is 1,210 MPa, yield strength is 1,110 MPa), but the elongation is only 5%. The fracture analysis shows that the fracture presents uniformly distributed equiaxed dimples in the range of 920–940 °C, while the number and size of dimples decrease in the range of 960–980 °C, and tear ridges appear. It is found that secondary crack morphology appears in all tensile fractures.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1780091</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1780091</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Study of the uniformity of the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength low-alloy martensite steel]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-09T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Luxing Duan</author><author>Keke Tong</author><author>Feixiang Yuan</author><author>Jinhua Gu</author><author>Xiurong Zuo</author>
        <description><![CDATA[High-strength, low-alloy martensite steel is widely used to manufacture parts used in harsh working conditions. The uniformity of the mechanical properties of an NM500 steel plate is directly related to its service safety and service life. This article studies the uniformity of the microstructure of NM500 steel plate using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction. The results of tensile properties, hardness, and impact energy display excellent homogeneity with a low standard deviation. From the surface to the center in the thickness direction of the steel plate, the segregation bands progressively become more substantial with obvious coarsening and darkening. However, the segregation band in the thickness center does not display higher microhardness than the adjacent matrix, due to the slight element enrichment, so no obvious separation crack is found in the tensile fracture surface. The martensite has lath-like structures with thin lamellate retained austenite located between parallel martensitic laths, and nano-scale stripe and spherical precipitates containing Al, Si, and O exist in the interface of laths or inside the laths, which improves the mechanical properties of a steel plate. Micro-scale spherical oxide inclusions (Al2O3·MgO/Al2O3) and the strip-shaped MnS inclusions all feature small size and low number density, which improves the uniformity of the studied steel.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1800170</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1800170</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Performance study and application of the clay-cement composite grouting material in karst strata with dynamic water]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-08T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Yuanli Yang</author><author>Xiaolong Ma</author><author>Jingwei Liang</author><author>Xiang Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[To address the high carbon emissions and low resource utilization of traditional grouting materials used for the reinforcement of karst strata with dynamic water, this study developed a low-carbon and sustainable clay-cement grout. Aligned with the demand for high-performance, sustainable construction materials, the grout was formulated by partially replacing cement with natural clay and incorporating an admixture derived from industrial by-products, which is mainly composed of aluminum, silicon and calcium oxides. The optimal mixture ratio, involving the specific gravity of the clay slurry, cement content and admixture content, was determined through orthogonal tests. The optimized material maintained good fluidity and a low bleeding rate, while the 28 days compressive strength of its concretions reached 1.49 MPa. Simulation tests were conducted using a self-developed indoor dynamic water grouting device to compare the reinforcement performance of this material under pulsating and constant-pressure grouting modes. The results indicated that pulsating grouting could further enhance the compactness and compressive strength of the concretion. This material and process were successfully applied in an anti-seepage reinforcement project for a karst dam foundation, forming a continuous and effective impervious grout curtain. This material–process–application integrated approach was validated, demonstrating that the synergistic use of the developed low-carbon clay-cement composite with pulsating grouting technology provides an effective solution for grouting in karst strata with dynamic water. This study offers a valuable reference for the development of low-carbon, high-performance geotechnical reinforcement materials.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1799125</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1799125</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Investigation of rutting deformation mechanisms and high-temperature deformation resistance of asphalt mixtures]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-04-01T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Qilu Luo</author><author>Jiabao Wang</author><author>Hongliu Rong</author><author>Richeng Huang</author><author>Zhengmao Wei</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Rutting is a major form of high-temperature distress in asphalt pavements, significantly affecting service performance and driving safety. To investigate the evolution mechanism of rutting under coupled temperature and loading conditions, a laboratory rutting test incorporating embedded strain sensors was developed to continuously monitor internal strain responses. A transverse–longitudinal analysis method was proposed to characterize flow deformation, revealing that transverse unrecoverable deformation dominates the rutting process. The rutting evolution behavior was quantified using deformation rate, inflection point, and strain accumulation characteristics. Results show that the deformation rate exhibits an exponential decay trend with loading time, and rutting development can be divided into compaction and stable flow stages. Higher temperature, load, and hydrothermal coupling conditions significantly accelerate deformation, while larger aggregate sizes improve rutting resistance. Based on these findings, an evaluation framework integrating compaction resistance and flow resistance was established. The proposed method provides new insights into the internal deformation mechanism of asphalt mixtures and offers theoretical support for the design of rutting-resistant pavements.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1790690</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1790690</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Solidification characteristics and road performance of acid-activated kiln dust-red mud composite]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-30T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Dongguo Li</author><author>Yuhang Cui</author><author>Fanghui Guo</author><author>Xilong Chen</author><author>Guolong Liu</author><author>Jie Cong</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Red mud (RM), a massive alumina refinery byproduct, poses significant environmental challenges due to its stockpiling and low cementitious activity. Current stabilization methods often face limitations in efficiency, cost, or sustainability. This study proposes a novel, low-carbon approach utilizing natural phosphate rock powder (PRP) as an acid-activating agent synergistically with cement kiln dust (CKD) to solidify RM for road base applications. A comprehensive laboratory investigation evaluated the effects of CKD and PRP dosages on compaction, strength, deformation, water stability, and freeze-thaw resistance. Results demonstrated a marked synergy: PRP provided acid activation while CKD supplied calcium and alkalinity, co-precipitating interwoven silicate-hydrate and phosphate-based cementitious networks. This yielded significantly enhanced early strength, with an optimal 7 days unconfined compressive strength of 6.07 MPa. The composite exhibited excellent engineering performance, including a high water stability coefficient (83.0%) and superior freeze-thaw durability (∼12% strength loss after 15 cycles). Quantitative analysis confirmed the critical role of the CKD-PRP synergy in developing a durable microstructure. This acid-activated CKD system offers a sustainable and effective pathway for large-scale RM resource utilization in construction.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1819936</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1819936</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Development and performance evaluation of silty sand eco-concrete: alkalinity regulation and vegetation compatibility]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-27T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shaokun Ma</author><author>Hao Li</author><author>Bo Chen</author><author>Xiaofeng Chen</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Valorizing waste silty sand for ecological slope protection offers a sustainable waste management solution. This study developed a Silty Sand Eco-Concrete (SSEC) optimized via orthogonal experiments. The effects of key parameters, including silty sand ratio, water-to-binder ratio, and mineral admixtures, on mechanical strength, hydraulic permeability, and pore alkalinity were elucidated. Results indicated that the silty sand ratio dominated mechanical and hydraulic properties, while silica fume regulated pore pH via the pozzolanic effect. A strong porosity-permeability correlation was also established. To ensure vegetative compatibility, a synergistic “chemical-agronomic” strategy was implemented. Combining 0.2 mol/L FeSO4 surface modification with 0.5% FeSO4 substrate amendment maintained substrate pH < 7.5 for over 42 days. Post-vegetation assessment revealed that root-matrix interactions inevitably compromised mechanical integrity. Consequently, mixtures S-1 and S-2 were disqualified due to insufficient residual strength and porosity, respectively. The S-3 formulation (water-to-binder ratio 0.30, sand 5%, fly ash 10%, silica fume 7%) proved optimal, achieving a residual compressive strength of 9.2 MPa and maintaining the substrate pH < 7.5 for over 42 days, successfully balancing structural stability, hydraulic performance, and robust vegetation growth. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of upcycling waste silty sand into functional green infrastructure materials.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1799317</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1799317</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effect of steel slag contents on road performance of rubber-modified permeable asphalt mixtures ]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-26T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shanshan Wang</author><author>Guangyong Wang</author><author>Fangzhou Liu</author><author>Zhengchao Zhang</author><author>Xiaomeng Zhang</author><author>Yanzhu Wang</author><author>Xufeng Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Based on laboratory test results, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the mechanical properties, durability, microstructural characteristics, and functional properties of steel slag rubber permeable asphalt mixtures with different steel slag contents, leading to the following conclusions: Incorporating steel slag into the mixture effectively enhances its skeleton strength and high-temperature stability. When the steel slag content reaches 60%, the dynamic stability (DS) of the mixture increases to 7,852 cycles/mm. Although the low-temperature failure strain of the steel slag mixture decreases to 2,820 με, the addition of rubber modifiers ensures that the mixture meets winter road performance requirements. Due to the alkalinity of steel slag which enhances bonding between aggregates and asphalt, the soaked residual stability of the mixture increases to a maximum of 91.2%, and the freeze-thaw splitting strength ratio peaks at 88.6% when the steel slag content is 50%. The addition of steel slag effectively regulates the internal void structure of the mixture, creating more interconnected voids. At a 60% steel slag content, the water permeability coefficient of the mixture significantly increases to 5,581 mL/min. Although the porous surface structure of steel slag causes aggregates to adhere to a thicker asphalt film, resulting in an initial pendulum value stabilizing around 62, the texture depth of the mixture significantly increases to 2.48, which benefits road traffic safety. The optimal steel slag incorporation ratio is ultimately determined to be 50%–60%. This study concludes that steel slag rubber permeable asphalt mixture is a highly promising sustainable material that not only alleviates the shortage of high-quality natural aggregates but also enables high-value utilization of industrial solid waste.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1774141</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1774141</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Axial compression performance of GFRP-confined hybrid fiber-reinforced UHPC columns]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Shuaiqi Song</author><author>Peibo You</author><author>Xuan Wang</author><author>Bowen Zhang</author><author>Bingsheng Zhu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[In order to further improve the mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) columns confined with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP), a new strategy of reinforcing UHPC with a steel–polypropylene (PP) hybrid fiber was proposed. Subsequently, the effects of GFRP tube wall thickness and steel–PP fiber content on the axial compression performance of such columns were systematically studied. The results indicate that GFRP tube confinement can effectively mitigate the brittle failure tendency of UHPC columns, thus improving their deformation capacity prior to failure. When this confinement effect is synergistically coupled with the bridging action of hybrid fibers, the load-bearing capacity of the test specimens is significantly enhanced. On the basis of orthogonal test results, a combination of high-level confinement (using a 9 mm-thick GFRP tube) and moderate fiber content (incorporating 1.5% steel fibers and 0.1% PP fibers) is recommended for achieving optimal axial compression performance of the columns. Furthermore, through theoretical analysis, a calculation formula for the bearing capacity of GFRP-confined hybrid fiber-reinforced UHPC columns was established, and the results derived from this formula show a good correlation with the experimental data.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1798072</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1798072</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Study on a rock mass constitutive model considering the sliding-closing mechanical behavior of joints under cyclic loading]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-24T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Xia Ziang</author><author>Yang Jianping</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The characterization of cyclic stress-strain behavior in jointed rock masses constitutes a critical component in safety assessments and stability analyses for geotechnical engineering subjected to cyclic loading. Conventional analytical studies primarily rely on the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) assumption for joints, simplifying them into “open” or “hard contact” states. Consequently, they fail to realistically reflect the complex mechanical responses of joints in actual engineering, such as closure, sliding, and even wear and degradation under compression. By combining the joint normal closure (Bandis model) and tangential friction degradation (Plesha model), an analytical solution for the elastic modulus of the rock mass was derived using the energy method, thereby establishing a constitutive model for rock masses under cyclic loading. The consistency of the proposed model with classical solutions was demonstrated by simplifying the model and comparing it with traditional models. The model was verified using rock uniaxial cyclic loading-unloading tests. The model parameters were calibrated using 0–10 MPa cyclic test data, and then verified by comparing the model results with 0–15 MPa test data. The results indicate that the model can accurately predict the cyclic stress-strain behavior of the rock. Based on the typical mechanical and geometric parameters of intact rock blocks and joint surfaces specified in the standards, the uniaxial cyclic stress-strain responses of different rock mass grades were obtained. The research results indicate that this model provides a new theoretical tool for analyzing cyclic loading in underground engineering. The model more realistically reflects the mechanical behavior of jointed rock masses and holds significant practical value for the design and safety evaluation of projects such as underground gas storages.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1778241</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1778241</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Integrated experimental testing and optimisation of numerical data-driven modelling for eco-efficient GI-fibre mortars with recycled crushed waste clay bricks in ferrocement strengthening of RC beams]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-23T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Md Jihad Miah</author><author>Mohammad Shamim Miah</author><author>Noor Md. Sadiqul Hasan</author><author>Humera Mughal</author>
        <description><![CDATA[Ferrocement is a cement-based composite reinforced with steel mesh, offering high tensile strength, crack resistance, and durability, which makes it suitable for concrete repair. Despite these advantages, poor bonding between the mortar, mesh, and the existing concrete can lead to brittle behavior, reduced ductility, and interface failure. To address this gap, this research evaluated 16 reinforced concrete (RC) beams that had been damaged and subsequently repaired using ferrocement, comparing their performance with that of two unstrengthened beams (USB). The ferrocement mortar was fabricated with 100% natural sand (NS) and 50% recycled crushed waste clay brick (RCWCB) as a substitute for NS + 50% NS and varying dosages (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% by volume of mortar) of low-cost galvanised iron (GI) wire fibres. Furthermore, a data-driven model was created, verified, and optimised in accordance with experimental results. The outcomes reveal that as the GI wire fibres increased, the flexural load of the strengthened beam and the mechanical strengths of the mortar increased. The beam capacity is enhanced with higher dosages of GI fibres, showing a 41% increase for 100% sand and 51% for a mix of 50% RCWCB + 50% sand with 3% GI fibres, compared to USBs. In contrast, the deflection behaviour of the RC beams yielded a 159% increase for 100% sand and a 169% increase for 50% RCWCB + 50% sand, higher than USB. Furthermore, notably higher enhancements in mechanical strengths were registered for mortar fabricated with GI wire fibres, with compressive strength increased by 12%–17%, tensile strength by 45%–56%, and flexural strength by 50%–65% for mortar with 3% GI fibre than without fibre. The data-based model accurately reflects the load-deflection profile, validating its effectiveness, even with minor and major cracks. Conversely, the optimised model demonstrates strong agreement with experimental results, closely matching the observed data across the entire profile. The study recommends using 50% RCWCB as a sustainable alternative to NS with a 3% GI wire fibre to enhance the properties of ferrocement RC beams and promote sustainability.]]></description>
      </item><item>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1797017</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1797017</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Research and application of high-performance artificial aggregates based on 3D printing ]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-19T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhiqing Chen</author><author>Jian Li</author><author>Chuanxi Luo</author><author>Haobin Cui</author><author>Weixiong Li</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The inherent heterogeneity of natural aggregates often compromises the reproducibility of asphalt mixture performance evaluations. To mitigate this variability, a fabrication protocol for High-Performance Cementitious Artificial Aggregates (ACA) was developed, integrating 3D printing with mold grouting techniques. Initially, the cementitious matrix was optimized via single-factor experimentation, yielding a precise mass ratio of Cement: Fly Ash: Silica Fume: Sand: Superplasticizer: Expansive Agent: Water at 100:15:2:62.4:0.45:1:28.5. Subsequently, a standardized “3D printed master–silicone replication–vacuum grouting” workflow was established, successfully capturing the micron-scale textural features of natural diabase. Physical characterization revealed that the ACA exhibits an apparent density of 2.16 g/cm3 and a Los Angeles abrasion value of 15.2%, demonstrating robust physico-mechanical integrity. Pavement performance verification indicated that the ACA asphalt mixture achieves a dynamic stability of 5865 passes/mm, a residual stability of 86.5%, and a freeze-thaw splitting strength ratio (TSR) of 88.5%, all satisfying current specifications for high-grade highways. Critically, statistical validation utilizing Standard Deviation (SD) and Coefficient of Variation (CV) revealed that the impact toughness CV in ACA mixtures was minimized to 2.40%—significantly lower than the 16.17% observed in natural aggregates. Furthermore, an inter-laboratory study across seven facilities employing robust Z-score analysis demonstrated that ACA group Z-scores were consistently maintained within 2. This study substantiates that ACA effectively minimizes data discreteness, demonstrating its potential suitability as a candidate for a “Standard Reference Material” to enhance the standardization of road engineering testing.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1793598</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1793598</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Study on mechanical properties and mesostructure of subgrade silty sand under freeze-thaw cycles]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-13T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Da Xiang</author><author>Zhongming He</author><author>Zhenhong Yan</author>
        <description><![CDATA[IntroductionFreeze–thaw cycles induce frost heave and thaw settlement in subgrades, degrade their service performance, and jeopardize traffic safety, making them primary concerns for transportation infrastructure in seasonally frozen regions. Silty sand is widely distributed in these areas. Investigating its mechanical behavior and mesostructure under repeated freeze–thaw cycling is therefore essential to improve subgrade durability.MethodsTherefore, silty sand was chosen as the study material, and triaxial compression tests together with scanning electron microscopy were performed on silty sand subjected to freeze–thaw cycles to elucidate the correlation between mechanical property evolution and mesostructural change under those cycles.ResultsThe results indicated that the stress–strain behavior of silty sand shifted from strain-softening to strain-hardening as confining pressure, the number of freeze–thaw cycles, and moisture content increased. At freezing temperatures of −10 °C, −20 °C, and −30 °C, the maximum difference in peak strength was less than 6%, indicating only a minor influence of freezing temperature. Peak strength increased with confining pressure and decreased with both freeze–thaw cycles and moisture content. The elastic modulus followed a similar trend to peak strength. Freeze–thaw cycling degraded the silty sand structure, promoting particle breakage and pore development, and higher moisture content exacerbated this damage. The silty sand was dominated by micropores and small pores, and the total pore area grew with increasing freeze–thaw cycles and moisture content. Freeze–thaw cycles and greater moisture content also reduced the average shape parameter. The average fractal dimension of pores increased with additional freeze–thaw cycles, and under the combined influence of high moisture content and freeze–thaw cycling it exhibited an initial decrease followed by an increase. The grey correlation coefficients between macro- and meso-scale parameters lay between 0.6 and 0.8, indicating a strong linkage between the macroscopic mechanical behavior and the mesostructure of silty sand.DiscussionThese findings offer a theoretical basis for the design and maintenance of silty sand subgrades in seasonally frozen regions.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1741731</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1741731</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Experimental study on the influence of gradient structure design on the thermal response behavior of composite materials]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-12T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhihong Han</author><author>Yaoqian Wang</author><author>Shuyang Liu</author><author>Junjie Hu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[This study investigates how gradient layer thickness affects the thermal response of CuSn10/316L stainless steel composites fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). Three gradient architectures with varying layer thicknesses were designed and analyzed through both simulation and experiment. Simulations predicted that increasing interfacial layers would enhance thermal barrier performance. However, experimental results showed the opposite trend: samples with thinner layers and lower porosity (10.03%) exhibited poorer thermal barrier properties, while those with thicker layers and higher porosity (15.42%) performed best. This discrepancy reveals that porosity—governed by layer thickness—is the dominant factor controlling thermal behavior, outweighing the effect of interfacial density. Thicker layers promote heat accumulation and gas entrapment, increasing porosity and thermal resistance. The findings establish a clear pathway from gradient layer thickness to porosity evolution to thermal response, providing practical guidance for designing functionally graded materials with tailored thermal barrier performance.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1800194</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1800194</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Influence of pre-wetted process on the performance and enhancement mechanism of recycled fine aggregate geopolymer concrete]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-10T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Zhang Han</author><author>Liang Xu</author><author>Song Ge</author><author>Gao Wang</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The high water absorptivity of recycled concrete fine aggregate (RCA) and recycled brick fine aggregate (RBA) restricts their utilization in concrete. This study investigates the effects of incorporating RCA and RBA on the macroscopic properties and microstructure of geopolymer concrete under three pre-wetted conditions: unpre-wetted, semi-pre-wetted, and fully-pre-wetted. Results indicated that both RCA and RBA exhibited inferior physical properties, with water absorption rates of 8.5% and 16.0%, and crushing indices as high as 15.2% and 20.4%, respectively. Direct replacement of natural sand with these aggregates was found to degrade the macroscopic performance of concrete. However, the semi-pre-wetted treatment significantly improved both the macro-properties and microstructure of the resulting concrete. For instance, mixtures incorporating semi-pre-wetted RCA and RBA, which were designated as RCAS100 and RBAS100, showed an increase in slump flow by 11.9% and 19.5%, respectively. These mixtures achieved compressive strengths of 80.0 MPa and 68.6 MPa, representing an enhancement of 8.5% and 7.8%, respectively, compared to the unpre-wetted control mixtures, RCAD100 and RBAD100. Concrete incorporating semi-pre-wetted recycled fine aggregate exhibited the narrowest interfacial transition zone, or ITZ. Specifically, the ITZ width of the RBAS100 mixture was approximately 15 μm smaller than those of the RBAM100 and RBAD100 mixtures. This improvement is attributed to the fact that the semi-pre-wetted treatment optimally utilizes the internal curing effect provided by the aggregates. This process not only enhances the mechanical properties of concrete but also refines the microstructure of the ITZ. Consequently, this study establishes a theoretical basis for optimizing geopolymer concrete performance by controlling the moisture content of recycled aggregate. It further contributes key theoretical support for the efficient, large-scale utilization of construction waste.]]></description>
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        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1760211</guid>
        <link>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2026.1760211</link>
        <title><![CDATA[Effect of heat treatment on very-high-cycle fatigue performance of EA4T axle steel]]></title>
        <pubdate>2026-03-05T00:00:00Z</pubdate>
        <category>Original Research</category>
        <author>Chun Gao</author><author>Qingye Qiu</author><author>Dongqin Zhang</author><author>Shisen Liu</author>
        <description><![CDATA[The fatigue performance of EA4T (25CrMo4) axle steel was investigated using small-specimen rotating-bending tests up to 2 × 108 cycles to clarify how heat treatment affected high-cycle and very-high-cycle fatigue (HCF/VHCF) behavior. Five specimen groups, four heat-treated and one as-received, exhibited microstructures from tempered martensite to sorbite and pearlite + ferrite. As tempering temperature increased, tensile strength declined from 1,029 MPa to 752 MPa, with corresponding fatigue limits decreasing from 470 MPa to 295 MPa. Staircase-based analysis yielded lower-bound strengths of 336 MPa (10% failure) and 319 MPa (1%, 95% confidence). SEM fractography confirmed surface crack initiation in all cases, indicating the absence of internal VHCF origins. A consistent correlation between hardness and fatigue strength revealed a clear strength–durability trade-off across microstructures. These results establish quantitative links between tempering, hardness, and fatigue resistance, providing practical guidance for optimizing heat-treatment windows and microstructures to enhance the reliability and safety of high-speed train axles.]]></description>
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