AUTHOR=Hsieh Yueh-Chen , Chen Sin , Tsao Shu-Yu , Hu Jiun-Ruey , Hsu Wan-Ting , Lee Chien-Chang 

TITLE=Using machine learning methods to investigate the impact of comorbidities and clinical indicators on the mortality rate of COVID-19

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medical Technology

VOLUME=Volume 7 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medical-technology/articles/10.3389/fmedt.2025.1621158

DOI=10.3389/fmedt.2025.1621158

ISSN=2673-3129

ABSTRACT=BackgroundThis study aims to develop a machine learning model to predict the 30-day mortality risk of hospitalized COVID-19 patients while leveraging federated learning to enhance data privacy and expand the model's applicability. Additionally, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values were utilized to assess the impact of comorbidities on mortality.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 6,321 clinical records of hospitalized COVID-19 patients between January 2021 and October 2022. After excluding cases involving patients under 18 years of age and non-Omicron infections, a total of 4,081 records were analyzed. Key features included three demographic data, six vital signs at admission, and 79 underlying comorbidities. Four machine learning models were compared, including Lasso, Random Forest, XGBoost, and TabNet, with XGBoost demonstrating superior performance. Federated learning was implemented to enable collaborative model training across multiple medical institutions while maintaining data security. SHAP values were applied to interpret the contribution of each comorbidity to the model's predictions.ResultsA subset of 2,156 records from the Taipei branch was used to evaluate model performance. XGBoost achieved the highest AUC of 0.96 and a sensitivity of 0.94. Two versions of the XGBoost model were trained: one incorporating vital signs, suitable for emergency room applications where patients come in with unstable vital signs, and another excluding vital signs, optimized for outpatient settings where we encounter patients with multiple comorbidities. After implementing federated learning, the AUC of the Taipei cohort decreased to 0.90, while the performance of other cohorts improved to meet the required standards. SHAP analysis identified comorbidities including diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic lung disease to have a neutral or even protective association with 30-day mortality.ConclusionXGBoost outperformed other models making it a viable tool for both emergency and outpatient settings. The study underscores the importance of chronic disease assessment in predicting COVID-19 mortality, revealing some comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease and chronic lung disease to have protective association with 30-day mortality. These findings suggest potential refinements in current treatment guidelines, particularly concerning high-risk conditions. The integration of federated learning further enhances the model's clinical applicability while preserving patient privacy.