AUTHOR=Omar Mahmud , Nassar Salih , SharIf Kassem , Glicksberg Benjamin S. , Nadkarni Girish N. , Klang Eyal 

TITLE=Emerging applications of NLP and large language models in gastroenterology and hepatology: a systematic review

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine

VOLUME=Volume 11 - 2024

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2024.1512824

DOI=10.3389/fmed.2024.1512824

ISSN=2296-858X

ABSTRACT=Background and aimIn the last years, natural language processing (NLP) has transformed significantly with the introduction of large language models (LLM). This review updates on NLP and LLM applications and challenges in gastroenterology and hepatology.MethodsRegistered with PROSPERO (CRD42024542275) and adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we searched six databases for relevant studies published from 2003 to 2024, ultimately including 57 studies.ResultsOur review of 57 studies notes an increase in relevant publications in 2023–2024 compared to previous years, reflecting growing interest in newer models such as GPT-3 and GPT-4. The results demonstrate that NLP models have enhanced data extraction from electronic health records and other unstructured medical data sources. Key findings include high precision in identifying disease characteristics from unstructured reports and ongoing improvement in clinical decision-making. Risk of bias assessments using ROBINS-I, QUADAS-2, and PROBAST tools confirmed the methodological robustness of the included studies.ConclusionNLP and LLMs can enhance diagnosis and treatment in gastroenterology and hepatology. They enable extraction of data from unstructured medical records, such as endoscopy reports and patient notes, and for enhancing clinical decision-making. Despite these advancements, integrating these tools into routine practice is still challenging. Future work should prospectively demonstrate real-world value.