AUTHOR=Bonet-Papell Maria Glòria , Company-Se Georgina , Delgado-Capel María , Díez-Sánchez Beatriz , Mateu-Pruñosa Lourdes , Paredes-Deirós Roger , Ara del Rey Jordi , Nescolarde Lexa 

TITLE=Forecasting readmission in COVID-19 patients utilizing blood biomarkers and machine learning in the Hospital-at-Home program

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1469245

DOI=10.3389/fmed.2025.1469245

ISSN=2296-858X

ABSTRACT=ObjectivesDuring the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Hospital-at-Home (HaH) program played a key role in expanding healthcare capacity and managing COVID-19 pneumonia. This study aims to evaluate the factors contributing to readmission from HaH to conventional hospitalization and to apply classification algorithms that support discharge decisions from conventional hospitalization to HaH.MethodsBlood biomarkers (IL-6, Hs-TnT, CRP, ferritin, and D-dimer) were collected from 871 patients transferred to HaH after conventional hospitalization for COVID-19 at the Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Of these, 840 patients completed their recovery without any complications, while 31 of them required readmission. Statistical tests were conducted to assess differences in blood biomarkers between the first day of conventional hospitalization and the first day of HaH, as well as between patients who successfully completed HaH and those who were readmitted. Various classification algorithms (bagged trees, KNN, LDA, logistic regression, Naïve Bayes, and the support vector machine [SVM]) were implemented to predict readmission, with performance evaluated using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, and the Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC).ResultsSignificant differences were observed in IL-6, Hs-TnT, CRP (p < 0.001), and ferritin (p < 0.01) between the first day of conventional hospitalization and the first day of HaH for patients who were not readmitted. However, no significant differences were found in patients who were readmitted. At HaH, readmitted patients exhibited higher CRP and Hs-TnT values. Among the classification algorithms, the SVM showed the best performance, achieving 85% sensitivity, 87% specificity, 86% accuracy, 84% F1 score, and 71% MCC.ConclusionHs-TnT was a key predictor of readmission for COVID-19 patients discharged to HaH. Classification algorithms can aid clinicians in making informed decisions regarding patient transfers from conventional hospitalization to HaH.