AUTHOR=Tahir Hasan Nawaz , Ullah Naseer , Tahir Mursala , Domnic Inbaraj Susai , Prabhakar Ramaprabha , Meerasa Semmal Syed , AbdElneam Ahmed Ibrahim , Tahir Shahnawaz , Ali Yousaf 

TITLE=Artificial intelligence versus manual screening for the detection of diabetic retinopathy: a comparative systematic review and meta-analysis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1519768

DOI=10.3389/fmed.2025.1519768

ISSN=2296-858X

ABSTRACT=BackgroundDiabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness globally, among individuals with diabetes mellitus. Early detection through screening can help in preventing disease progression. In recent advancements artificial Intelligence assisted screening has emerged as an alternative to traditional manual screening methods. This diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) review aims to compare the sensitivity and specificity of AI versus manual screening for detecting diabetic retinopathy, focusing on both dilated and un-dilated eyes.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted for comparison of AI vs. manual screening of diabetic retinopathy using 25 observational (cross sectional, validation and cohort) studies with total images of 613,690 used for screening published between January 2015 and December 2024. Outcomes of the study was sensitivity, and specificity. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool for validation studies, the AXIS tool for cross-sectional studies, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies.ResultsThe results of this meta-analysis showed that for un-dilated eyes, AI screening showed pooled sensitivity of 0.90 [95% CI: 0.85–0.94] and pooled specificity of 0.94 [95% CI: 0.91–0.96] while manual screening shows pooled sensitivity of 0.79 [95% CI: 0.60–0.91] and pooled specificity of 0.99 [95% CI: 0.98–0.99]. For dilated eyes the pooled sensitivity of AI screening is 0.95 [95% CI: 0.91–0.97] and pooled specificity is 0.87 [95% CI: 0.79–0.92], while manual screening sensitivity is 0.90 [95% CI: 0.87–0.92] and specificity is 0.99 [95% CI: 0.99–1.00]. These data show comparable sensitivities and specificities of AI and manual screening, with AI performing better in sensitivity.ConclusionAI-assisted screening for diabetic retinopathy shows comparable sensitivity and specificity compared to manual screening. These results suggest that AI can be a reliable alternative in clinical settings, with increased early detection rates and reducing the burden on ophthalmologists. Further research is needed to validate these findings.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/home, CRD42024596611.