AUTHOR=Li Xinyu , Dai Bing , Zhou Chengguang , Hou Haijia , Wang Shengchen , Li Xiangrui , Zhao Hongwen , Wang Wei , Tan Wei 

TITLE=Effects of different exhalation valves on CO2 rebreathing and ventilator performance during noninvasive ventilation

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1538280

DOI=10.3389/fmed.2025.1538280

ISSN=2296-858X

ABSTRACT=BackgroundNoninvasive ventilation (NIV) is widely used to improve oxygenation and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) retention in patients with respiratory failure. However, it remains unclear whether different types of exhalation valves affect CO2 rebreathing and ventilator performance during NIV.MethodsThree noninvasive ventilators (V60, Flexo, and Stellar150) with single-limb circuits and four different exhalation valves (single-arch, whisper swivel, plateau exhalation, and vented mask valves) were separately connected in series to a lung simulator. CO2 gas was injected from the simulated lung outlet, maintaining the end-expiratory CO2 (PetCO2) at 80 mmHg. Both the CO2 rebreathing volume (CO2REB) and the parameters displayed on the lung simulator and ventilator were recorded under each condition.ResultsThe mean CO2REB values of the four aforementioned valves were 18.51 ± 2.87, 18.25 ± 2.73, 17.78 ± 2.98, and 14.26 ± 0.92 mL/breath, respectively, with no significant differences among the first three types but all significantly higher than that of the mask valve (all p < 0.0001, rate of difference > 10%). Except with the V60 ventilator, some ventilator performance parameters (triggering and control performance) were significantly lower for the plateau valve than for the others, the rate of difference in tidal volume (VT) between the ventilator and the simulated lung exceeded 10% for all exhalation valves (all p < 0.01).ConclusionMask valves showed significantly lower CO2 rebreathing than circuit-located valves (single-arch, whisper swivel, and plateau exhalation) in this NIV bench study. The different valves influenced ventilator performance differently, particularly the plateau valve. These findings necessitate further clinical validation in vivo.