AUTHOR=Zafar Amad , Kim Kwang Su , Ali Muhammad Umair , Byun Jong Hyuk , Kim Seong-Han 

TITLE=A lightweight multi-deep learning framework for accurate diabetic retinopathy detection and multi-level severity identification

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1551315

DOI=10.3389/fmed.2025.1551315

ISSN=2296-858X

ABSTRACT=Accurate and timely detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is crucial for managing its progression and improving patient outcomes. However, developing algorithms to analyze complex fundus images continues to be a major challenge. This work presents a lightweight deep-learning network developed for DR detection. The proposed framework consists of two stages. In the first step, the developed model is used to assess the presence of DR [i.e., healthy (no DR) or diseased (DR)]. The next step involves the use of transfer learning for further subclassification of DR severity (i.e., mild, moderate, severe DR, and proliferative DR). The designed model is reused for transfer learning, as correlated images facilitate further classification of DR severity. The online dataset is used to validate the proposed framework, and results show that the proposed model is lightweight and has comparatively low learnable parameters compared to others. The proposed two-stage framework enhances the classification performance, achieving a 99.06% classification rate for DR detection and an accuracy of 90.75% for DR severity identification for APTOS 2019 dataset.