AUTHOR=Zhang Rui , Long Fang , Wu Jingyi , Tan Ruoming 

TITLE=Distinct immunological signatures define three sepsis recovery trajectories: a multi-cohort machine learning study

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1575237

DOI=10.3389/fmed.2025.1575237

ISSN=2296-858X

ABSTRACT=ImportanceUnderstanding heterogeneous recovery patterns in sepsis is crucial for personalizing treatment strategies and improving outcomes.ObjectiveTo identify distinct recovery trajectories in sepsis and develop a prediction model using early clinical and immunological markers.Design, setting, and participantsRetrospective cohort study using data from 28,745 adult patients admitted to 12 intensive care units (ICUs) with sepsis between January 2014 and December 2024.Main outcomes and measuresPrimary outcome was the 28-day trajectory of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores. Secondary outcomes included 90-day mortality and hospital length of stay.ResultsAmong 24,450 eligible patients (mean [SD] age, 64.5 [15.3] years; 54.2% male), three distinct recovery trajectories were identified: rapid recovery (42.3%), slow recovery (35.8%), and deterioration (21.9%). The machine learning model achieved an AUROC of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.83–0.87) for trajectory prediction. Key predictors included initial SOFA score, lactate levels, and inflammatory markers. Mortality rates were 12.3, 28.7, and 45.6% for rapid, slow, and deterioration groups, respectively.Conclusions and relevanceEarly prediction of sepsis recovery trajectories is feasible and may facilitate personalized treatment strategies. The developed model could assist clinical decision-making and resource allocation in critical care settings.