AUTHOR=Zhang Tianshan , Xiao Bojie , Tang Guo , Cheng Tao , Gao Hongguang , Zhang Ping , Yao Rong 

TITLE=Prognostic nomogram for heat stroke patients based on rapidly accessible clinical indicators

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1603374

DOI=10.3389/fmed.2025.1603374

ISSN=2296-858X

ABSTRACT=PurposeTo develop and validate a rapid-assessment scoring system for predicting in-hospital mortality in heat stroke (HS) patients, thereby facilitating early identification and intervention for critical cases.ApproachWe conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of HS patients admitted to emergency department (ED) of 13 hospitals in southwest of China between July 1, 2022 and December 31, 2024. Clinical parameters including demographic data, initial vital signs, and major organ function biomarkers were systematically collected. Patients were further divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort at a 7:3 ratio. The primary endpoint was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Through rigorous variable selection using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression followed by multivariable logistic regression modeling, we developed a prognostic nomogram. Model performance was assessed via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curve (CIC) evaluation, with comparative benchmarking against established scoring systems [Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II)].FindingsA total of 307 patients were included in the study. 114 experienced in-hospital mortality, while 193 survived. Non-survivors exhibited significantly altered baseline values across multiple physiological domains: reduced Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), impaired oxygenation index (OI), elevated fibrin degradation products (FDP), D-dimer, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and serum creatinine (Cr) (all p < 0.0001). Through LASSO regression followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis, 27 initially significant variables were refined to four independent prognostic indicators: Cr, GCS, OI, and FDP. These predictors were subsequently integrated into a multivariate prognostic nomogram demonstrating discriminative capacity for mortality risk stratification in both training (AUC 0.811, 95% CI 0.751–0.871) and validation cohorts (AUC 0.766, 95% CI 0.706–0.826). DCA revealed superior net benefit across clinically relevant probability thresholds. The AUC of the nomogram in the entire cohort (0.794) was significantly superior to the SOFA score (0.703, DeLong’s test,  p = 0.0008) and comparable to the APACHE II score (0.765, DeLong’s test, p = 0.3581).ConclusionWe developed and validated a prognostic tool utilizing routinely available parameters in ED to predict in-hospital mortality in HS patients. This clinically implementable model demonstrates comparable accuracy to established intensive care scoring systems while offering distinct advantages in rapid bedside application, potentially enabling time-critical therapeutic decisions in emergency settings.