AUTHOR=Holzhausen Cornelia , Schulz-Hildebrandt Hinnerk , Ahrens Martin , Heldt Noah , Pieper Mario , Biller Heike , von Weihe Sönke , Ellebrecht David , Abdo Mustafa , Steurer Stefan , Fraune Christoph , Rabe Klaus F. , Hüttmann Gereon , König Peter 

TITLE=Imaging of human airways by endoscope-compatible dynamic microscopic optical coherence tomography

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1658890

DOI=10.3389/fmed.2025.1658890

ISSN=2296-858X

ABSTRACT=IntroductionMicroscopy is a cornerstone for diagnostics in lung disease but was traditionally restricted to biopsies and explanted tissue. Microscopic optical coherence tomography (mOCT) produces images with microscopic resolution without the need for exogenous markers. As recently demonstrated in excised mouse tissue, the combination with dynamic contrast (dmOCT) generates high contrast images of airway tissue. DmOCT therefore has the potential to be used for virtual biopsies in humans.MethodsTo assess the potential of dmOCT combined with endoscopic imaging, we scanned excised human lung tissue through a custom-built endoscope optic and compared the resulting dmOCT images with conventional histologic sections of the same tissue. We also assessed if imaging time can be substantially reduced while keeping sufficient dmOCT image quality.ResultsEndoscopic dmOCT successfully visualized the epithelium and subepithelial tissue of human airways including smooth muscle cells and glands. The technique detected key structural changes such as inflammatory cell infiltration, basement membrane thickening, epithelial damage, and the transition to carcinoma in situ. In addition, dmOCT distinguished between different morphologies of human lung cancer present in the examined tissue. The image contrast for discriminating these structures remained sufficient even after the acquisition time was reduced to 0.054s.DiscussionWe have shown that dmOCT, when combined with endoscopic optics, reaches the image quality and imaging speed making its use for virtual biopsies in vivo realistic in the future.