AUTHOR=Fiaz Muhammad , Shoaib Khan Muhammad Bilal , Khan Abdul Hannan , Bilal Anas , Abdullah Monir , Darem Abdulbasit A. , Sarwar Raheem 

TITLE=An explainable hybrid deep learning framework for precise skin lesion segmentation and multi-class classification

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1681542

DOI=10.3389/fmed.2025.1681542

ISSN=2296-858X

ABSTRACT=IntroductionSkin diseases, ranging from benign conditions to malignant tumors such as melanoma, present substantial diagnostic challenges due to their visual complexity and the inherent subjectivity in manual examination.MethodsThis paper introduces a hybrid deep learning framework specifically designed for skin lesion segmentation and multi-class classification using dermoscopic images. The proposed model integrates a dual-task architecture, which combines a U-Net-based segmentation network with a classification module based on the EfficientNet-B0 backbone. To improve model interpretability and foster clinical trust, Grad-CAM is incorporated, allowing clinicians to visualize heatmaps that highlight the regions influencing the model’s decisions.ResultsThe model was trained and evaluated on the HAM10000 dataset, demonstrating robust performance, with a Dice coefficient surpassing 0.85 for segmentation and classification accuracy nearing 85%. Despite challenges such as class imbalance and the variety of lesion types, the model provides reliable results across different skin conditions.DiscussionThe use of explainable AI (XAI) enhances transparency, a crucial factor in the clinical acceptance of AI-based diagnostic tools. This approach shows promise in improving diagnostic accuracy and supporting dermatologists, especially in resource-constrained settings, by providing both accurate lesion delineation and reliable class predictions. Future research will focus on improving the model’s generalizability, addressing underrepresented classes, and validating its effectiveness in real-world scenarios.