ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Med.
Sec. Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesiology
This article is part of the Research TopicAdvancements and Applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) in MedicineView all 3 articles
Investigating the neuroprotective effect of heparin in improving mitochondrial function in cardiac arrest cardiopulmonary resuscitation based on transcriptome sequencing
Provisionally accepted
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Cardiac arrest (CA) and subsequent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) often lead to severe brain injury, primarily driven by mitochondrial dysfunction and ischemia-reperfusion injury. While heparin is a known anticoagulant, its potential neuroprotective role through mitochondrial regulation post cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA-CPR) remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the brain-protective mechanisms of heparin, focusing on its effects on mitochondrial function using transcriptome sequencing in a rat model of asphyxial CA-CPR.Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: Sham, CPR (Model), and CPR + Heparin (CPR+HP, 0.5 mg/kg IV upon CPR initiation). Neurological function was assessed using modified Neurological Severity Scores (mNSS) over 7 days. Hippocampal tissues were collected for transcriptome sequencing, qPCR validation, histological examination (HE staining), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and biochemical assays (ATP and ROS levels). Bioinformatic analyses included differential gene expression, KEGG/GO enrichment, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and ROC analysis. Heparin treatment significantly improved neurological outcomes, reduced cerebral edema, and enhanced the 20-day survival rate (55% vs. 30% in CPR group, P<0.05). Transcriptome analysis identified 757 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CPR and CPR+HP groups. 3 Enrichment analysis revealed significant involvement of mitochondrial-related pathways, complement/coagulation cascades, and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway. Intersection with a mitochondrial gene database identified three hub genes—Epsa1, Idh2, and Hif3a,which were significantly downregulated in the CPR group but restored by heparin treatment (P<0.05). ROC analysis confirmed their diagnostic value (AUC >0.75). Heparin also increased ATP content, reduced ROS levels, and preserved neuronal and mitochondrial ultrastructure. Heparin provided neuroprotection after CA-CPR by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction via multi-target regulation of key genes (Epsa1, Idh2, Hif3a), enhancing energy metabolism, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting hyperactivated coagulation-inflammation cascades. These findings highlight heparin's potential as an adjunctive therapy for improving neurological outcomes post-resuscitation.
Keywords: Neuroprotective effect, Heparin, Mitochondrial function, Cardiac arrest, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Transcriptome sequencing
Received: 24 Sep 2025; Accepted: 29 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Tian, Liu, Wang, Li, Gu, Li, Zhou and Ye. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Biyun Tian
Xin Liu
Yan Li
Qingshan Ye
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