AUTHOR=Day Andrew , Ahn Jiyoon , Salmond George P. C. 

TITLE=Jumbo Bacteriophages Are Represented Within an Increasing Diversity of Environmental Viruses Infecting the Emerging Phytopathogen, Dickeya solani

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=Volume 9 - 2018

YEAR=2018

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02169

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2018.02169

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=\textit{Dickeya} species are economically important phytopathogens widespread in mainland Europe that can reduce crop yields by 25$\%$. There are no effective environmentally-acceptable chemical systems available for diseases caused by \textit{Dickeya}. Bacteriophages have been suggested for use in biocontrol of these pathogens in the field, and limited field trials have been conducted. To date the majority of bacteriophages capable of infecting \textit{Dickeya solani}, one of the more aggressive species, are from the same family, the \textit{Ackermannviridae}, many representatives of which have been shown to be unsuitable for use in the field due to their capacity for generalised transduction. Members of this family are also only capable of forming individual plaques on \textit{Dickeya solani}. Here we describe novel bacteriophages from environmental sources isolated on \textit{Dickeya solani}, including members of two other viral families; \textit{Myoviridae} and \textit{Podoviridae}, most of which are capable of forming plaques on multiple \textit{Dickeya} species. Full genomic sequencing revealed that the \textit{Myoviridae} family members form two novel clusters of jumbo bacteriophages with genomes over 250 kbp, with one cluster containing phages of another phytopathogen \textit{Erwinia amylovora}. Transduction experiments showed that the majority of the new environmental bacteriophages are also capable of facilitating efficient horizontal gene transfer, however the single \textit{Podoviridae} family member is not. This particular phage therefore has potential for use as a biocontrol agent against multiple species of \textit{Dickeya}.