AUTHOR=Hawkins Jabari L. , Uknalis Joseph , Oscar Tom P. , Schwarz Jurgen G. , Vimini Bob , Parveen Salina 

TITLE=The Effect of Previous Life Cycle Phase on the Growth Kinetics, Morphology, and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in Brain Heart Infusion and Ground Chicken Extract

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01043

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2019.01043

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=<p>Growth models are predominately used in the food industry to estimate the potential growth of selected microorganisms under environmental conditions. The growth kinetics, cellular morphology, and antibiotic resistance were studied throughout the life cycle of <italic>Salmonella</italic> Typhimurium. The effect of the previous life cycle phase [late log phase (LLP), early stationary phase (ESP), late stationary phase (LSP), and early death phase (EDP)] of <italic>Salmonella</italic> after reinoculation in brain heart infusion broth (BHI), ground chicken extract (GCE), and BHI at pH 5, 7, and 9 and salt concentrations 2, 3, and 4% was investigated. The growth media and previous life cycle phase had significant effects on the lag time (<italic>λ</italic>), specific growth rate (<italic>μ</italic><sub>max</sub>), and maximum population density (<italic>Y</italic><sub>max</sub>). At 2 and 4% salt concentration, the LLP had the significantly (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) fastest <italic>μ</italic><sub>max</sub> (1.07 and 0.69 log CFU/ml/h, respectively). As the cells transitioned from the late log phase (LLP) to the early death phase (EDP), the <italic>λ</italic> significantly (<italic>p &lt; 0.05</italic>) increased. At pH 5 and 9, the EDP had a significantly (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) lower <italic>Y</italic><sub>max</sub> than the LLP, ESP, and LSP. As the cells transitioned from a rod shape to a coccoid shape in the EDP, the cells were more susceptible to antibiotics. The cells regained their resistance as they transitioned back to a rod shape from the EDP to the log and stationary phase. Our results revealed that growth kinetics, cell’s length, shape, and antibiotic resistance were significantly affected by the previous life cycle phase. The results of this study also demonstrate that the previous life cycle should be considered when developing growth models of foodborne pathogens to better ensure the safety of poultry and poultry products.</p>