AUTHOR=Gałązka Anna , Grządziel Jarosław , Gałązka Rafał , Gawryjołek Karolina , Ukalska-Jaruga Aleksandra , Smreczak Bozena 

TITLE=Fungal Community, Metabolic Diversity, and Glomalin-Related Soil Proteins (GRSP) Content in Soil Contaminated With Crude Oil After Long-Term Natural Bioremediation

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=Volume 11 - 2020

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.572314

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2020.572314

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=The aim of the study was to evaluate the mycobiome and functional diversity of fungi in long-term crude-oil contaminated soils as the potencial bioremediators of oil contaminated sites. Samples were taken from three historical oil wells (over a century old) at two distances: within a 0.5 m radius of the oil wells (OWP1, OWP2 and OWP3) and within a 3 m radius from the oil wells as the controls (OW1, OW2 and OW3). Next generation sequencing (for the ITS region) was accompanied with determination of the functional fungal community based on Biolog FFPlates, glomalin related soil protein (GRSP) content, trace element and PAHs concentration. The research hypothesis assumed that long-term natural bioremediation of crude oil contaminated soils can contribute to intensive development of a unique fungal community adapted to the contamination conditions. The identification of such fungi can be of particular importance in soil bioremediation. There were the significant differences in the fungal community and functional diversity between the soil samples. The soils collected directly from the oil wells were characterized by higher biological activity and higher  diversity of PAH-degrading fungal candidates compared to the soils collected within 3 m of the oil wells. The T-GRSP and EE-GRSP contents were lower in soil samples taken directly from the crude oil well. The control soil (OW) subjected to a long-term natural remediation may already have sufficient conditions for the growth and development of mycorrhizal fungi. The mycobiome of the soils collected directly from the oil wells (OWP1) was characterised by a 35% share of PAH-degrading candidates, compared to the soil collected at the 3m distance from the oil wells (OW1, OW2 and OW3) at < 5%. The main PAH-degrading fungal candidates belong to genera Ilyonectria, Chaetomium, Gibberella, Paraphoma, Schizothecium, Pseudorobillarda, Tetracladium, Ganoderma, Cadophora, Exophiala, Knufia, Mycoleptodiscus, Cyphellophora, Fusicolla, Devriesia, Didymella, Plenodomus, Pyrenochaetopsis, Symbiotaphrina, Phallus, Coprinellus, Plectosphaerella, Septoriella and Hypholoma. The share of three- and four-ringed PAHs in soil was higher as the distance from the oil well increased. These results may indicate that more effective degradation processes occur closer to the oil wells.