AUTHOR=Ferrarini Andrea , Fracasso Alessandra , Spini Giulia , Fornasier Flavio , Taskin Eren , Fontanella Maria Chiara , Beone Gian Maria , Amaducci Stefano , Puglisi Edoardo 

TITLE=Bioaugmented Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils and Sediments by Hemp and Giant Reed

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2021

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.645893

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2021.645893

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=We assessed the effects of EDTA and selected plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the phytoremediation of soils and sediments contaminated by Cr, Ni and Cu. A total of 42 bacterial strains resistant to these heavy metals (HMs) were isolated and screened for PGP traits and metals bioaccumulation, and two Enterobacter spp. strains were finally selected. A 2-month pot experiments was carried out with hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and giant reed (Arundo donax L.) grown on soils and sediments respectively, comparing in both cases the effects of bioaugmentation with a single PGPR and EDTA addition on plant and root growth, plant HMs uptake, HMs leaching as well as the changes occurred in soil microbial communities (structure, biomass and activity).  Good removal percentages on a dry mass basis of Cr (0.4%), Ni(0.6%) and Cu (0.9%) were observed in giant reed while negligible values (<100 ‰) in hemp. In giant reed HMs accumulated differentially in plant (rhizomes >> roots > leaves > stems) with largest quantities in rhizomes (Cr 0.6, Ni 3.7 and Cu 2.2 g plant-1). EDTA increased Ni and Cu translocation to aerial parts in both crops, despite in sediments high HMs concentrations in leachates were measured. PGPR did not impact fine root diameter distribution of both crops compared to control while EDTA negatively affected root diameter class length (DCL) distribution. Under HMs contamination, giant reed roots become shorter (from 5.2 to 2.3 mm cm-3) while hemp roots become shorter and thickened from 0.13 to 0.26 mm. A consistent indirect effect of HMs levels on the soil microbiome (diversity and activity) mediated by plant response (root DCL distribution) was observed.  Multivariate analysis of bacterial diversity and activity revealed not only significant effects of plant and soil type (rhizosphere vs bulk) but also a clear and similar differentiation of communities between control, EDTA and PGPR treatments. We propose root DCL distribution as a key plant trait to understand detrimental effect of HMs on microbial communities. Positive evidence of the soil-microbes-plants interactions occurring when bioaugmentation with PGPR is associated with deep-rooting perennial crops makes this combination preferable over the one with chelating agents.