AUTHOR=Wu Jianwen , Li Yizhao , Qiu Mi , Guan Jihua 

TITLE=Comparison of suansun fermentation methods based on SBSE-GC-MS combined with SVM machine learning

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1598252

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2025.1598252

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=IntroductionThis study aimed to analyze the flavor profile and microbial community structure of 54 Suansun samples, fermented using three different methods: direct fermentation, natural water-sealed fermentation, and natural fermentation. The combination of SBSE-GC-MS, electronic nose, 16S rRNA, and SVM machine learning was used for comprehensive discrimination.MethodsThe flavor components and microbial community structure were analyzed using SBSE-GC-MS, electronic nose, and 16S rRNA sequencing. SVM machine learning was employed to classify the samples based on their characteristics.ResultsA total of 114 common aroma components were identified, including esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, ketones, acids, aldehydes, heterocyclic compounds, phenols, halogenated hydrocarbons, amides, and others. Using a p < 0.05 and VIP > 1 threshold, 27 key characteristic flavor compounds were identified, with the highest concentration found in the natural water-sealed fermentation method. The SVM model achieved a 100% discrimination rate. Dominant bacterial genera identified across the methods were Lactiplantibacillus, Lactococcus, Weissella, and Limosilactobacillus, with a 95.65% match between dominant genera and key flavor compounds in natural water-sealed fermentation.DiscussionThe study highlights that natural water-sealed fermentation is the most effective method for enhancing flavor profiles, and that Weissella plays a significant role in the production of key flavor compounds, particularly p-cresol, which increased over 600 times in natural water-sealed fermentation. Direct fermentation significantly shortens the fermentation cycle, while natural water-sealed fermentation offers the best results in terms of flavor development.