AUTHOR=Hossain Md. Jakir , Monde Nami , Sasaki Hiroyuki , Nyame Perpetual , Amesimeku Wright Andrews Ofotsu , Terasawa Hiromi , Matsumura Sojiro , Matsui Takeshi , Tsutsuki Hiroyasu , Maeda Yosuke , Sawa Tomohiro , Monde Kazuaki 

TITLE=Activation of human endogenous retroviruses by Sox proteins induces cell apoptosis via the caspase-3 pathway

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1604022

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2025.1604022

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) were domesticated millions of years ago as ancestral relics through germline infections and have become part of the human genome (8.3%). Over time, HERVs lost their innate ability to become virulent. We have previously reported that the transcription factor Sox2 is critical for human endogenous retrovirus-K (HERV-K) LTR5H activation and transposition in induced pluripotent stem cells. In the present study, we identified HERV-K LTR5H and LTR5B activation following Sox overexpression. In addition, we found that HERV-K Gag localized in the plasma membrane and that virus-like particles were released from Sox-expressing cells. Notably, a deformed nucleus was induced by cleaved caspase-3 in the HERV-K Gag-expressing cells. The caspase-3 inhibitors increased the number of HERV-K Gag-expressing cells by inhibiting the apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, retrotransposition of HERV-K was significantly enhanced in Sox2-expressing cells treated with caspase-3 inhibitors. Taken together, these results indicate that several Sox proteins increase HERV-K expression with cleaved caspase-3, suggesting that induction of the cell apoptotic pathway prevents genome impairment by HERV-K expression and retrotransposition.