AUTHOR=Hopton Cassie M. , Nienow Peter , Cockell Charles S. 

TITLE=Growth, physiology, and metabolism of Halomonas meridiana in aqueous ammonium sulfate with implications for icy moon astrobiology

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1642998

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2025.1642998

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=The discovery of extraterrestrial reservoirs of liquid water has motivated missions to icy moons Europa and Titan. Tentative evidence of ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) has been detected on the surface of Europa, and (NH4)2SO4 could be a prominent constituent of the Titan subsurface ocean. While NH4+ acts as a nitrogen source for many organisms, detrimental impacts of (NH4)2SO4 fertilizer have been documented in bacteria. Consequently, the presence of (NH4)2SO4 within icy moon environments may constrain the capacity of these environments to support life. In this study, the bacterial survival limits and physiological response to aqueous (NH4)2SO4 were assessed using the extremophile Halomonas meridiana Slthf1. Growth assays demonstrated concentrations exceeding 0.25 M (NH4)2SO4 led to a measurable slowing of the growth rate. Cell density remained comparable to control conditions up to 0.75 M (NH4)2SO4 at which a decline was observed. Contrary to existing hypotheses, alterations to cell density were not determined by pH, osmolarity, salinity, ionic strength, or water activity of the aqueous (NH4)2SO4 solution. Furthermore, neither NH4+ nor SO42- alone accounted for these alterations. Metabolite profiling revealed that exposure to (NH4)2SO4 reduced the abundance of glutamine compared to control, indicating an alteration to nitrogen, carbon, and energy metabolism. Active catabolism was suggested by reduced levels of purine metabolites and amino acids. Metabolites within the methylaspartate cycle were detected. We discuss these results with regards to the potential for habitability in aqueous extraterrestrial (NH4)2SO4 environments as well as terrestrial environments in which (NH4)2SO4 fertilizer is applied.