AUTHOR=Hu Zhicheng , Engdahl Cecilia , Pullerits Rille , Mohammad Majd , Jin Tao 

TITLE=Bacterial and host interactions in Staphylococcus aureus-induced septic arthritis—understanding pathogenesis and exploring therapeutic strategies

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Microbiology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1687243

DOI=10.3389/fmicb.2025.1687243

ISSN=1664-302X

ABSTRACT=Septic arthritis is a severe and rapidly destructive joint infection, primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The interplay between bacterial virulence factors and host immune responses determines disease progression and clinical outcomes. This review discusses the key bacterial factors that contribute to septic arthritis, including S. aureus cell wall components, surface proteins, and secreted toxins. In parallel, host-related factors, such as aging, immune responses, and genetic predispositions, are examined in conjunction with the impact of S. aureus infection on bone integrity and osteoimmunological mechanisms. Finally, this review highlights emerging therapeutic approaches, including targeted anti-virulence strategies, immune modulation, and anti-osteoclastogenic interventions, in mitigating joint damage. Understanding the multifaceted interactions between S. aureus and the host immune system is crucial for advancing treatment strategies and reducing morbidity associated with septic arthritis.