The “DelPhi” program calculates electrostatic potentials. The C++ code of DelPhi (Nicholls and Honig, 1991) was licensed from Columbia University and converted to a RESTful API “delphi.cgi” at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). To qualitatively illustrate the electrostatic potential and speed up the calculation, the linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation was solved. DelPhiPKa (Wang et al., 2016) is used to add hydrogens and partial charges to proteins and nucleotides. Open Babel (O'Boyle et al., 2011) is used to add hydrogens to ligands. Antechamber (Wang et al., 2004) is used to add partial charges to ligands with the Gasteiger charge calculation method. The default grid size (n = 65) and default salt concentration (0.15 M) can be changed. The pH is always set at 7.0. The parameters of all RESTful APIs are described at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/icn3d/icn3d.html#restfulapi.

The “scap” program predicts side chain changes due to mutations. The C++ code of Jackal/scap (Xiang and Honig, 2001) was provided by the Honig group and converted to a RESTful API “scap.cgi” at NCBI. The scap program first iteratively samples all sidechain rotamers until convergence. The final lowest-energy conformation among all the conformations starting from the initial three conformations will then be minimized by refining the side-chain conformation with 2-degree rotation on each bond in the sidechain to search for lower energy conformations around the rotamer. The large rotamer library was used.

The “SymD” program determines symmetries in structures. The C++ code of SymD (Tai et al., 2014) was provided by the Chin-Hsien Tai and Byungkook Lee group and converted to a RESTful API “symd.cgi” at NCBI. The maximum allowed number of atoms is 30,000. A symmetry is considered found if the Z score is greater than 8. Only C_n and helical symmetries are considered.

Before iCn3D version 3, two JavaScript objects “iCn3DUI” and “iCn3D” were used to hold all functions. In iCn3D version 3, we switched from ECMAScript 2009 (ES5) to ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) and used JavaScript classes. Each class is in a separate file and can access the classes “iCn3DUI” and “iCn3D″, which can access most functions. The class structure is described at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/icn3d/icn3d.html#classstructure.

We also updated Three. js, which is used to generate and view 3D objects, from version 103 to version 128, which uses JavaScript classes as well. Since the changes on both iCn3D and Three. js are significant and JavaScript classes do not work in the Internet Explorer, we kept the previous library names untouched, and used new library names for Three. js and iCn3D. The updated embedding method is described at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/icn3d/icn3d.html#HowToUse.

All JavaScript classes are bundled with rollup (https://rollupjs.org/guide/en/). Then gulp (https://gulpjs.com) was used to set up all files for release in iCn3D GitHub page (https://github.com/ncbi/icn3d) and icn3d npm package (https://www.npmjs.com/package/icn3d).

iCn3D shows eight kinds of interactions between molecular structures: contact, hydrogen bond, salt bridge or ionic interaction, halogen bond, π-cation interaction, and π-stacking. Users can generate the interactions shown in Figure 2 in three steps: click the menu “Analysis > Interactions”, select the two sets chain 6M0J_A and 6M0J_E in the popup window, and click “2D Interaction Network”. Figure 2A shows the interacting residues between ACE2 (in pink) and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (in blue) using the PDB structure 6M0J. The green, cyan, and gray dotted lines show the hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and contacts, respectively. Figure 2B shows the 2D interaction network, where the nodes represent residues, and the lines represent interactions. The interaction includes multiple hydrogen bonds, two salt bridges and many contacts. The custom view can be reproduced with a permanent sharable link https://structure.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/icn3d/share.html?oLwZzGL59izJeEBVA as described in Figure 2.

This interactive analysis can be converted to a Node. js script https://structure.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/icn3d/share.html?T86B34gEsPErfwRm8 by using the npm package icn3d (https://www.npmjs.com/package/icn3d). Users can simply run the command “node epitope. js 6M0J E A” in a command line to get the interacting residues between the chain E (spike protein) and chain A (ACE2) of the PDB structure 6M0J.

iCn3D can show residue mutations in 3D views. The side chain prediction is done with a RESTful API based on scap (Xiang and Honig, 2001). Users can show the change of interactions due to mutations by clicking the menu “Analysis > Mutation”, inputting the mutation (such as “6M0J_E_501_Y” to indicate the mutation is at position 501 of the E chain of PDB 6M0J and the mutant is Y/Tyr residue), and clicking the button “Interactions”. Users can press the key “a” to toggle between the wild type and the mutant. Figure 3A shows the mutant’s 3D structure in the stick style. The spike protein is in blue and ACE2 is in pink. Figure 3B shows that the mutant Y501 (bottom panel) introduces one π-cation interaction (red line) and one π-stacking (blue line). The view can be reproduced with the sharable link as described in Figure 3. The interactive analysis can be converted to a Node. js script https://github.com/ncbi/icn3d/blob/master/icn3dnode/interaction2.js. Users can run the command “node interaction2. js 6M0J E 501 Y” to get the change of interactions.

iCn3D can also show electrostatic potential for 3D structures. The electrostatic potential is calculated with a RESTful service based on the software DelPhi (Nicholls and Honig, 1991), which is licensed from Columbia University to be used in iCn3D. Figure 4A shows the binding of the PH domain of phospholipase C Delta to IP₃ (or a membrane containing PIP₂). The binding region contains multiple positively charged residues (in blue). Figure 4B shows the electrostatic potential on the surface of the PH domain excluding IP₃. Blue and red indicate greater than +50 mV and less than −50 mV, respectively. The binding region clearly has high positive electrostatic potential. The custom view of Figure 4B can be reproduced with a sharable link: https://structure.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/icn3d/share.html?5hvduy8LQHtJ1NdL6. The DelPhi electrostatic potential on the surface of chain A can be exported from a Node. js script https://github.com/ncbi/icn3d/blob/master/icn3dnode/delphipot.js with the command “node delphipot. js 1MAI A”. Users could also choose to show equipotential maps (Figure 4C) instead of surface potentials for the pH domain excluding IP₃. The blue and red mesh show the +50 mV and −50 mV equipotential profiles.

iCn3D can not only show the pre-calculated symmetry from PDB, but also calculate symmetry for any selected residues. The calculation is done with a RESTful API based on the software SymD (Tai et al., 2014). Figure 5B shows the structure of PDB 3HUJ. Even though the whole structure has no symmetry, its subset of residues 1-178 in chain A (colored in blue and red) has C2 symmetry as shown in Figure 5A. The red and blue colors indicate same residues and different residues in the symmetry alignment, respectively. The feature is available in the menu “Analysis > Symmetry > from SymD (Dynamic)”. The custom view can be reproduced in a sharable link as described in Figure 5.

iCn3D can align multiple chains from different structures as shown in Figure 6 with two structures. The master structure is the first PDB structure 1HHO. All other structures are aligned to it. Figure 6A shows the alignment with full chains using the VAST algorithm (Gibrat et al., 1996) based purely on geometric criteria. The aligned residues are colored in red. Figure 6B shows the alignment to a subset of residue numbers 10–50 in the master structure with the following steps. First, a sequence alignment to the set of residues is done. Then the coordinates of these residues are used for a structure superposition. Figure 6C shows the alignment of predefined residue numbers 50–100 in each structure. The coordinates of the pre-defined residues are used for a structure superposition. The sharable links are shown in Figure 6.

Users can also load multiple PDB structures (either in a concatenated file or by appending PDB files with the menu “File > Open File > PDB File (appendable)”), and then use the “File > Realign Selection” feature to align multiple structures. The option “on Sequence Alignment” is similar to Figure 6B and uses a sequence alignment followed by a structure superposition. The other option “Residue by Residue” is similar to Figure 6C and uses predefined residues for a structure superposition.

Previously, iCn3D only showed “2D Interaction” for structure data from NCBI (with the URL parameter “mmdbid= “). We recently added “2D Cartoons” for any data source such as RCSB (with the URL parameter “mmtfid =” or “pdbid= “) or EMBL-EBI (with the URL parameter “afid= “). Figure 7A shows the AlphaFold predicted structure for the UniProt ID A0A061AD48. iCn3D uses the URL parameter “afid=A0A061AD48” to get the AlphaFold predicted structure data from EMBL-EBI (Jumper et al., 2021). The high confidence parts are colored in blue and the low confidence parts are colored in yellow and orange. Figure 7B shows the 2D cartoon of the two domains in this protein: Nek and ATS1. The principal axes and size of the domains are used to determine the orientation and size of the ovals, respectively. The nodes can be dragged to modify the view of the cartoon and clicked to select in 3D.

Figure 7C shows the Nek domain. The 2D cartoon at the secondary structure level for the Nek domain (Figure 7D) can be shown by clicking the menu “Analysis > 2D Cartoon > Helix/Sheet Level”. The helices and sheets are projected from 3D to 2D and thus the 2D view is dynamic depending on the orientation of the 3D view. The helices and sheets can be dragged to rearrange the view and clicked to select in 3D. For a structure with multiple chains, the 2D cartoon at the chain level is useful too. The sharable link is shown in Figure 7A.

iCn3D can also display interactive 2D contact maps for any subsets. Figure 8 shows the contact map of AlphaFold structure with UniProt ID A0A061AD48. The contacts within 8 Å of C-beta atoms are shown. The map has a scale of 0.04. If the scale is set as 1, the X- and Y-axes show residues as nodes with residue names and colors. The residue nodes and the contact points could be clicked to show the residues or contacts in 3D. This feature is available in the menu “Analysis > Contact Map”. It can be dynamically applied to multiple structures or a subset of the structure. The sharable link is shown in Figure 8.

Users can export files such as “iCn3D PNG Image” from iCn3D interactively. This process can be saved with a URL via the menu “File > Share Link”. Based on this URL, a simple Python script can be written to export files from iCn3D in batch mode. Some example Python scripts are listed at https://github.com/ncbi/icn3d/tree/master/icn3dpython. Users can simply replace the URL in the Python scripts to export files such as PNG images or secondary structures from iCn3D. In order to make the Python script work, users need to install “selenium”, “chrome”, “chromedriver”, and “Path” as described in the example scripts.

While Python scripts are easy to construct as described above, they can not get all data from iCn3D. Node. js scripts can fulfil this requirement even though they are more complicated.

After we modernized iCn3D with JavaScript classes and released the npm package icn3d, we can use Node. js scripts to analyze a large set of structures in batch mode. A few Node. js scripts have been shown above in 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3. More examples are listed at https://github.com/ncbi/icn3d/tree/master/icn3dnode. Here we use the Node. js script https://github.com/ncbi/icn3d/tree/master/icn3dnode/ligand.js as an example to demonstrate the flow of the code. Users can use the command, “node ligand. js [PDB ID] [three-letter ligand residue name]”, to calculate the interactions between a ligand and a protein by calling iCn3D function “ic.showInterCls.pickCustomSphere_base”. The script first installs the required npm libraries “icn3d”, “three”, “jsdom”, and “jquery”. Then it sets up two variables used in all iCn3D functions: “me” is an instance of the iCn3DUI class, and “ic” is an instance of the iCn3D class. It then retrieves the coordinate data from NCBI and calculates the interactions. The class structure is described at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/icn3d/icn3d.html#classstructure.

We released icn3dpy at https://pypi.org/project/icn3dpy/to make iCn3D work in Jupyter Notebook. Users just need to install icn3dpy with the command “pip install icn3dpy” and install one lab extension with the commands “pip install jupyterlab” and “jupyter labextension install jupyterlab_3dmol”. Three commands are used to get icn3d viewer inside Jupyter Notebook: “import icn3dpy” to import the icn3dpy library, “view = icn3dpy.view(q = 'mmdbid = 6m0j′)” and “view” to display the iCn3d viewer. The function inc3dpy.view can be optionally supplied with a command string to load a structure with a predefined view. For example, the command “view=icn3dpy.view(q=mmdbid=6m0j, command=line graph interaction pairs | !A !E | hbonds, salt bridge, interactions,halogen,pi-cation,pistacking | false | threshold 3.8 6 4 3.8 6 5.5; show selection; add residue number labels; set label scale 2.0|||{“factor”:“0.6758”,“mouseChange”:{“x”:“0.000”,“y”:“0.000”},“quaternion”:{“_x”:“-0.6336”,“_y”:“0.3127”,“_z”:“-0.3564”,“_w”:“0.6114”}})” produces the view as in Figure 2. The string “q = mmdbid = 6m0j” specifies the structure to be loaded and the command string after the string “command= ” is used to set the predefined display. This command string can be retrieved from a web session. It is the string after the string “command= ” in the expanded URL of https://structure.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/icn3d/share.html?T86B34gEsPErfwRm8 from Figure 2.