The foundation of biomedical nanotechnology is always a nano-scaled platform which exhibits tunable features such as surface functionalization (for immobilizing and binding bio-actives), stimuli-responsive properties (controlled multi-functional outcomes within a single nanostructure, a need to a combinational approach), easy to fabricate (especially thin films needed for sensor fabrication), and tunable properties (especially morphological, optical, electrical, magnetic, and molecular properties). However, developing a nano-system that exhibits properties with targeted application in mind is always challenging (Figure 1; Kaushik and Dixit, 2016).

Detection of targeted biomarkers at pM level, is very useful for early-stage diagnostics and therapy efficacy assessment. However, significant efforts have been suggested to develop a miniaturized sensing system that is integrated with smartphones to perform the detection of point-of-care (POC) applications i.e., infectious diseases (Figure 1; Kaushik and Mujawar, 2018).

Accurate and precise detection of a biomarker is the primary requirement for designing and developing an analytical device. This raises the demand for developing smart arrays (interdigitated electrode system), multiple detection methods, highly sensitive transducers, and microfluidic systems. A perfect combination of the above-mentioned components will certainly be a sensing system that can detect a biomarker selectively and in a timely manner, at a very low level of POC (Figure 1; Dixit and Kaushik, 2016; Kaushik and Dixit, 2016; Kaushik et al., 2016a,c,d, 2017b, 2018c; Tiwari et al., 2019).

Functional biomaterials for tissue engineering are mainly tissue regeneration and regenerative medicine. This area of research explores new bio-mimic biomaterials that are constructed to minimize the effect of tissue injury and artificial organ issues. However, exploring the fundamental understanding of biomaterial-organ interaction behavior and strategies of scaling up these biomaterials, along with federal approval for clinical application is the suggested future approach (Vashist et al., 2016, 2018b; Sharma et al., 2019).

Nanotechnology assisted drug delivery systems have demonstrated site-specific delivery and drug release to manage targeted diseases. Presently, this area of biomedical nanotechnology is widely covered, and outcomes are of very high value. However, so far, developed systems' multi component-based nano-assisted therapeutics, may have longer term side-effects. Experts have suggested the development of least-component based nano-pharmacology wherein selected drug nano-carriers should be bio-compatible and stimuli-responsive. Such materials can perform controlled drug delivery and release, even in the brain (Figure 1; Kaushik et al., 2016b, 2019; Nair et al., 2016; Rodriguez et al., 2017; Vashist et al., 2018a).

Nanotechnology assisted combinational therapy is emerging as one of the best alternatives in conventional approaches. The approach optimizes a perfect combination of various therapeutic agents, therapeutic fabrication processes, and stimulations to treat multiple symptoms, at one time, while exploring the effects of various stimulations, exposures, drug-to-drug interactions, and drug/stimulation-human interactions in acute and chronic timelines (Figure 1; Kaushik et al., 2017a; Tomitaka et al., 2017, 2019; Jayant et al., 2018).

The design and development of a new therapy is a well-planned experiment. Managing a lot of data, optimization of a perfect drug to create a therapy, the associated risk assessment, and possible predictions along with trends are always major concerns. To manage data related to every aspect, a new algorithm has emerged that analyzes every aspect and provides an idea of a better approach with no or the least risk assessment. Keeping this in mind, the emergence of bioinformatics, AI, and IoMT significantly assist the development of novel biomedical nanotechnology (Figure 1; Chou, 2004; Greene et al., 2014; Chiuchisan et al., 2015; Yuehong et al., 2016; Altman and Levitt, 2018; Rodrigues et al., 2018; Yu et al., 2018; Zhu and Zheng, 2018; Lesk, 2019).

Health agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), etc., have announced the development of biomedical technology with a special focus on efficient approaches that manage and target diseases. They have initiated various programs, alone and in collaboration with industries, to promote fundamental and applied aspects of biomedical nanotechnologies. These initiatives aim to develop translational research to introduce new therapies at the clinical level. However, poor regularities and the time required for approval sometimes limit the promotion of developed biomedical nanotechnology for patients. Significant efforts are being made to involve a multi-sector, mainly public-private partnerships, to promote research from a clinical translational point of view (Figure 1; Kaushik et al., 2018b).

Special assertion from the WHO, NIH, etc., type of health agencies is also required to make people aware of the significance of biomedical nanotechnology. For example, gene therapy has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach, but some people are not comfortable in adopting it as a therapy. Therefore, awareness is also really very important as with conducting cutting edge research (Figure 1; Kaushik et al., 2018b).

Nanoscale for biomedical applications

Miniaturized systems for health care

Nano-enabled sensing systems

Simulation and theoretical aspects of developing sensors

Point-of-care systems for personalized health care

Microfluidic for biologist

Image-guided therapy

Personalized nanomedicine

Nano-enabled tissues and gene engineering

Nanotechnology for drug delivery systems

Nano-pharmacology

Nanobiotechnology for drug addiction

Translational and clinical research

Theoretical aspects of diseases managements

Bioinformatics for diseases management

Artificial Intelligence for biomedical application

Internet of medical things (IoMT)

Numerical aspects of nanotechnology for health care

Ethical and regulatory issues in theranostics.