The Transfer of Synergetics to Psychotherapy: Phase Transitions and Network Dynamics

Abstract

The foundations of Synergetics originate from quantum optics (LASER theory) and fluid dynamics. Although Hermann Haken and his team went important steps from physics into brain dynamics, movement research, and beyond (e.g., cognitive processes and perception, transformation of public opinions, urban development), a transfer to clinical psychology and psychotherapy arises methodological challenges. In psychotherapy, self-organization seems to be an appropriate concept for understanding change dynamics, more than linear input-output models. However, the question is whichf methods for data acqusition, nonlinear time series analysis, and modelling can be used. In this article we present methods to assess and analyze change dynamics at different time scales. One is based on continuous self-assessments by equidistant time sampling, another on coding video tapes of patient-therapist interaction, a third one on repeated functional MRI scans during psychotherapy. These methods were applied in studies. A scope of nonlinear methods embraces the recording and visualization of dynamic complexity during the process and the identification of pattern transitions in multiple time series, e.g., Recurrence Plots, dynamic correlation patterns, or local lagest Lyapunov exponents. A mathematical model (coupled nonlinear difference equations) was developed in order to understand and reproduce specific features of therapy dynamics. Studies confirm the conjectures which were drawn from Synergetics on psychotherapy. The process is realized by cascades of phase transitions which are prepared by precursors as critical instabilities, increased synchronization between elements (e.g., items of process questionnaires), or transient relapses. Transitions can be seen in symptom severity gradients but also in correlation patterns of multiple time series. These and other dynamic features can be identified by the Pattern Transition Detection Algorithm. Transitions in psychological time series seem to be synchronized with transitions in neural activities. Repeated measures of fMRI-based Functional Connectivity Dynamics of patients during psychotherapy reveal a recovery from pathological over-stability to neural flexibility. The reported findings and methods motivate the development of a synergetic paradigm in psychotherapy. New methods allow a real-time monitoring of human change processes (Synergetic Navigation System) which improves and catalyses the therapeutic process. In consequence, Synergetics and nonlinear science should get an integral part of psychotherapy trainings.