AUTHOR=Wan Yaqi , Huang Lu , Liu Yanmin , Ji Weizhong , Li Changxing , Ge Ri-li 

TITLE=Preconditioning With Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Attenuates Stroke Damage and Modulates Endocytosis in Residual Neurons

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neurology

VOLUME=12

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.750908

DOI=10.3389/fneur.2021.750908

ISSN=1664-2295

ABSTRACT=<p><bold>Background:</bold> Moderate hypobaric hypoxia induces cerebral ischemic tolerance. We investigated the optimal method for applying hypobaric hypoxia preconditioning at 5,000 m to ischemic brain tissue and combined it with proteomics to determine the mechanisms underlying this effect.</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> Male SD rats were randomly grouped as S (sham, <italic>n</italic> = 20), M (middle cerebral artery occlusion [MCAO], <italic>n</italic> = 28), H2M (intermittent hypobaric hypoxia preconditioned MCAO group, 2 h/day, 10 days, <italic>n</italic> = 20), H6M (intermittent hypobaric hypoxia preconditioned MCAO group, 6 h/day, 10 days, <italic>n</italic> = 28), and HpM (persistent hypobaric hypoxia preconditioned MCAO group, 10 days, <italic>n</italic> = 28). The permanent MCAO model was established based on the Zea Longa method. Infarction was assessed with the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. The total protein expression of the neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (caspase-3), cleaved-caspase-3, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) was determined using western blotting. We assessed the peri-infarct cortex's ultrastructural changes. A label-free proteomic study and western blot verification were performed on the most effective preconditioned group.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> The H6M group showed a lower infarct volume (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0005), lower mNSS score (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0009) than the M group. The H2M showed a lower level of IL-6 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0213) than the M group. The caspase-3 level decreased in the H2M (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0002), H6M (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0025), and HpM groups (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0054) compared with that in the M group. Cleaved-caspase-3 expression decreased in the H2M (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0011), H6M (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001), and HpM groups (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001) compared with that in the M group. The neurons' ultrastructure and the blood-brain barrier in the peri-infarct tissue improved in the H2M and H6M groups. Immunofluorescence revealed increased NeuN-positive cells in the peri-infarct tissue in the H6M group (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0003, H6M vs. M). Protein expression of Chmp1a, Arpc5, and Hspa2 factors related to endocytosis were upregulated in the H6M compared with those of the M group (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05 for all) on western blot verification of label-free proteomics.</p><p><bold>Conclusions:</bold> Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia preconditioning exerts a neuroprotective effect in a rat stroke model. Persistent hypobaric hypoxia stimulation exhibited no significant neuroprotective effect. Intermittent hypoxic preconditioning for 6 h/day for 10 days upregulates key proteins in clathrin-dependent endocytosis of neurons in the cortex.</p>