AUTHOR=Gu Guiyi , Lin Ruixuan , Zeng Roy Rongyue , Miller Tiev , Zhang Jack Jiaqi 

TITLE=Psychometric properties of technology-assisted matching paradigms in post-stroke upper limb proprioceptive assessment: a scoping review

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neurology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2025.1556111

DOI=10.3389/fneur.2025.1556111

ISSN=1664-2295

ABSTRACT=IntroductionProprioceptive impairments affect 34–64% of post-stroke patients, impacting motor recovery and daily activities. Technology-assisted matching paradigms offer precise, quantitative assessment of upper limb proprioception, but their psychometric properties require evaluation.MethodsThe search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and MEDLINE to identify studies on technology-assisted matching paradigms for assessing upper limb proprioception in post-stroke patients. Studies were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and relevant data were extracted.ResultsA total of 13 articles were included. Upper limb robots for active mirror-matching tasks were the most used technology among our included studies (9 out of 13 studies). Seven studies showed a moderate level of concurrent validity, and four studies showed a moderate level of convergent validity. Seven studies compared stroke patients to healthy individuals, with most showing good responsiveness. Five studies revealed moderate to high test–retest and inter-rater reliability.ConclusionTechnology-assisted matching paradigms demonstrate moderate validity and moderate to high reliability when applied in clinical settings for assessing upper limb proprioception in post-stroke patients.