AUTHOR=Hu Bingtao , Mao Qi , Liang Bin , Li Yunhui 

TITLE=Global trends of early-onset Parkinson’s disease from 1990 to 2021, and projections until to 2030: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neurology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2025.1589760

DOI=10.3389/fneur.2025.1589760

ISSN=1664-2295

ABSTRACT=BackgroundThis study aims to evaluate the global, regional, and national trends in prevalence, incidence, mortality, and DALYs for early-onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD) from 1990 to 2021.MethodsAll data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021 were stratified by age, sex, location, and socio-demographic index (SDI). We performed comprehensive analysis to reveal trends for EOPD, utilizing average annual percentage change (AAPC), joinpoint regression analysis, health inequality analysis, frontier analysis, and Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) models.ResultsIn 2021, the global case numbers of prevalence, incidence, mortality, and DALYs for EOPD were 483872.47 (95% UI: 328861.91–682509.05), 81046.67 (95% UI: 48161.87–122328.00), 2245.68 (95% UI: 1995.24–2495.67), and 180325.32 (95% UI: 145990.30–225031.04). The age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) keep increasing from 1990 to 2021, and the age-standardized death rate (ASMR) occurred the decline trend. Male showed higher ASPR, ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR across all age groups. The geographical disparities at regional and national level were evident. Significant disparities in EOPD burden by SDI were observed, exhibiting a worsening inequality over time. The frontier analysis lists some countries and territories requiring urgent action to mitigate EOPD burden. Furthermore, it was anticipated that the ASPR and ASIR would consistently increase during 2021 to 2030, while the ASMR and ASDR would decrease.ConclusionEOPD demonstrated notable heterogeneity across age, gender, and geography. The increasing burden of EOPD underscored the urgent need for targeted public health strategies and policies, especially in undeveloped regions.