AUTHOR=Shi Donghao , Zhao Cunbin , Shao Jianwen , Feng Minjie , Luo Lei , Ouyang Bing , Huang Jiamin TITLE=Context-Aware Enhanced Feature Refinement for small object detection with Deformable DETR JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neurorobotics VOLUME=Volume 19 - 2025 YEAR=2025 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurorobotics/articles/10.3389/fnbot.2025.1588565 DOI=10.3389/fnbot.2025.1588565 ISSN=1662-5218 ABSTRACT=Small object detection is a critical task in applications like autonomous driving and ship black smoke detection. While Deformable DETR has advanced small object detection, it faces limitations due to its reliance on CNNs for feature extraction, which restricts global context understanding and results in suboptimal feature representation. Additionally, it struggles with detecting small objects that occupy only a few pixels due to significant size disparities. To overcome these challenges, we propose the Context-Aware Enhanced Feature Refinement Deformable DETR, an improved Deformable DETR network. Our approach introduces Mask Attention in the backbone to improve feature extraction while effectively suppressing irrelevant background information. Furthermore, we propose a Context-Aware Enhanced Feature Refinement Encoder to address the issue of small objects with limited pixel representation. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms the baseline, achieving a 2.1% improvement in mAP.