AUTHOR=Wang Xiaoyu , Guo Yongkun , Zhang Yunge , Li Jinju , Gao Zhongqi , Li Yingxin , Zhou Tianlin , Zhang Hui , He Jianghong , Cong Fengyu 

TITLE=Combined Behavioral and Mismatch Negativity Evidence for the Effects of Long-Lasting High-Definition tDCS in Disorders of Consciousness: A Pilot Study

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neuroscience

VOLUME=Volume 14 - 2020

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2020.00381

DOI=10.3389/fnins.2020.00381

ISSN=1662-453X

ABSTRACT=Objective: To evaluate the effects of long-term High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) over precuneus on the level of consciousness (LOC) and the relationship between Mismatch negativity (MMN) and the LOC over the therapy period in patients with Disorders of consciousness (DOCs).
Methods: We employed a with-in group repeated measures design with an anode HD-tDCS protocol (2 mA, 20 min, the precuneus) on 11 (2 vegetative state and nine minimally conscious state) patients with DOCs. MMN and Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) scores were measured at four time points: before the treatment of HD-tDCS (T0), after a single session of HD-tDCS (T1), after the treatment of 7 days (T2) and 14 days (T3). A frequency-deviant oddball paradigm with two deviation magnitudes (standard stimulus: 1000Hz, small deviant stimuli: 1050Hz, large deviant stimuli: 1200Hz) was adopted to elicit MMN.
Results: Significant improvements of CRS-R score were found after 7-day (T2) and 14-day (T3) treatment compared with baseline (T0). Regarding the MMN, significant improvements of MMN amplitudes were observed after a single session of stimulation (T1), 7-day (T2) and 14-day treatment (T3) compared with baseline (T0). Additionally, there were significant negative correlations between CRS-R scores and MMN amplitudes elicited by both large and small deviant stimuli. 
Conclusions: Long-term HD-tDCS over precuneus might improve signs of consciousness in patients with DOCs as measured by CRS-R total scores, and MMN could be an assistant assessment in the course of tDCS treatment.