AUTHOR=Basso Laura , Boecking Benjamin , Brueggemann Petra , Pedersen Nancy L. , Canlon Barbara , Cederroth Christopher R. , Mazurek Birgit 

TITLE=Gender-Specific Risk Factors and Comorbidities of Bothersome Tinnitus

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neuroscience

VOLUME=Volume 14 - 2020

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2020.00706

DOI=10.3389/fnins.2020.00706

ISSN=1662-453X

ABSTRACT=Objective: This study aims to identify gender-specific risk factors associated with the presence of bothersome tinnitus (compared to non-bothersome tinnitus), including sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, tinnitus associated phenomena (hearing loss, traumatic experiences, sleep disturbances), and physical as well as mental comorbidities. 
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using survey data from the Swedish LifeGene cohort containing information on self-reported tinnitus (N = 7615). We analyzed risk factor and comorbidity frequencies [1], computed multivariate logistic regression models to identify predictors of bothersome tinnitus within both genders [2], and moderated logistic regression models to compare effects between genders [3]. 
Results: [1] The majority of factors that differed in frequencies between bothersome and non-bothersome tinnitus were equal for both genders. Women with bothersome tinnitus specifically reported higher rates of cardiovascular disease, thyroid disease, epilepsy, fibromyalgia, and burnout; and men with bothersome tinnitus reported higher rates alcohol consumption, Ménière’s disease, anxiety syndrome, and panic (compared to non-bothersome tinnitus respectively). 
[2] Across both genders, multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed significant associations between bothersome tinnitus and age, reduced hearing ability, hearing-related difficulties in social situations and reduced sleep quality. In women, bothersome tinnitus was specifically associated with cardiovascular disease and epilepsy, in men, with lower education levels and anxiety syndrome. 
[3] Moderated logistic regression analyses revealed that effects of low education and anxiety syndrome are present in men, but not in women, while effects of age, hearing ability and related difficulties, cardiovascular disease, epilepsy and burnout were not gender specific.
Conclusion: Irrespective of gender, bothersome tinnitus is associated with higher age, reduced hearing ability and related difficulties, cardiovascular disease, epilepsy, and burnout. Gender-specific effects comprise low levels of education and the presence of anxiety syndrome for men. These findings need to be interpreted with caution, yet they suggest the presence of gender-specific biopsychosocial influences in the emergence or maintenance of bothersome tinnitus. Future studies ought to investigate underlying mechanisms of the observed relationships.