AUTHOR=Lee Jua , Song Jiho , Im Hyeon Seong , Kim Jonghwi , Lee Woonjae , Yi Wooseok , Kwon Soonwan , Jung Byungsu , Kim Joohyoung , Lee Yoonmyung , Chun Jung-Hoon 

TITLE=A scalable neural network emulator with MRAM-based mixed-signal circuits

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neuroscience

VOLUME=Volume 19 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2025.1599144

DOI=10.3389/fnins.2025.1599144

ISSN=1662-453X

ABSTRACT=In this study, we present a mixed-signal framework that utilizes MRAM (Magneto-resistive Random Access Memory) technology to emulate behaviors observed in biological neural networks on silicon substrates. While modern technology increasingly draws inspiration from biological neural networks, fully understanding these complex systems remains a significant challenge. Our framework integrates multi-bit MRAM synapse arrays and analog circuits to replicate essential neural functions, including Leaky Integrate and Fire (LIF) dynamics, Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP and IPSP), the refractory period, and the lateral inhibition. A key challenge in using MRAM for neuromorphic systems is its low on/off resistance ratio, which limits the accuracy of current-mode analog computation. To overcome this, we introduce a current subtraction architecture that reliably generates multi-level synaptic currents based on MRAM states. This enables robust analog neural processing while preserving MRAM’s advantages, such as non-volatility and CMOS compatibility. The chip’s adjustable operating frequency allows it to replicate biologically realistic time scales as well as accelerate experimental processes. Experimental results from fabricated chips confirm the successful emulation of biologically inspired neural dynamics, demonstrating the feasibility of MRAM-based analog neuromorphic computation for real-time and scalable neural emulation.