AUTHOR=Shaikh Saniyah , Siddique Luqman , Khalifey Hafsah T. , Mahereen Rutaba , Raziq Thaabit , Firdous Rushdan M. , Siddique Aisha , Shakir Ismail M. , Ahmed Zara , Akbar Arshiya , Alshehri Eman A. , Chinappan Raja , Alzhrani Alaa , Mir Tanveer Ahmed , Yaqinuddin Ahmed 

TITLE=Brain organoid model systems of neurodegenerative diseases: recent progress and future prospects

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Neuroscience

VOLUME=Volume 19 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2025.1604435

DOI=10.3389/fnins.2025.1604435

ISSN=1662-453X

ABSTRACT=Neurological diseases are a leading cause of disability, morbidity, and mortality, affecting 43% of the world’s population. The detailed study of neurological diseases, testing of drugs, and repair of site-specific defects require physiologically relevant models that recapitulate key events and dynamic neurodevelopmental processes in a highly organized fashion. As an evolving technology, self-organizing and self-assembling brain organoids offer the advantage of modeling different stages of brain development in a 3D microenvironment. Herein, we review the utility, advantages, and limitations of the latest breakthroughs in brain organoid endeavors in the context of modeling three of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases—Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease. We conclude the review with a perspective on the future prospects of brain organoid models with their myriad possible applications in translational medicine.