AUTHOR=Liu Jianhui , Cai Dihui 

TITLE=Causal relationship of cereal intake and type with cardiovascular disease: a Mendelian randomization study

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Nutrition

VOLUME=Volume 10 - 2023

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1320120

DOI=10.3389/fnut.2023.1320120

ISSN=2296-861X

ABSTRACT=Background: Observational studies have suggested that consumption of cereal is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the potential causal association is not clear.We aimed to investigate the association between cereal intake and type with CVD risk.A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to confirm the causal association of cereal intake and type with the risk of several common CVDs. Furthermore, two-step MR analysis was used to explore the mediating effect of cardiovascular metabolic factors, and multivariable MR analysis was used to assess the impact of socioeconomic status,such as education and income, on the causal association.Results: The MR analysis indicated that genetically predicted cereal intake is associated with the reduced risk of large artery stroke (LAS) (odd ratio (OR): 0.421; 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.193, 0.918]; p=0.030), and muesli as the primary cereal intake is associated with the reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) (OR: 0.100; 95% CI [0.023, 0.437]; p=0.002), myocardial infarction (MI) (OR: 0.101; 95% CI [0.020, 0.509]; p=0.005), heart failure (OR: 0.210; 95% CI [0.064, 0.684]; p=0.010), ischemic stroke (IS)(OR: 0.130; 95% CI [0.029, 0.591]; p=0.008), LAS (OR: 0.017; 95% CI [0.0004, 0.737]; p=0.034), small-vessel stroke (OR: 0.021; 95% CI [0.001, 0.708]; p=0.005). Contrary, genetically predicted biscuits as the primary cereal intake increased the risk of CHD (OR: 6.557; 95% CI [1.197, 36.031]; p=0.031), and other cereal, such as cornflakes, as the primary cereal intake increased the risk of CHD (OR: 3.803; 95% CI [1.194, 12.111]; p= 0.024), MI (OR: 4.240; 95% CI [1.185, 15.174]; p=0.026), stroke (OR: 3.154; 95% CI [1.070, 9.298]; p=0.037), and IS (OR: 3.736; 95% CI [1.185, 11.782]; p=0.024). Multivariable MR analysis underscored the significant roles of education and income in the causal association, and two-step MR analysis indicated that body mass index, lipids, and blood glucose exerted important mediating effects in the causal association.The findings of our study underscore the causally beneficial influence of muesli as the primary cereal intake on CVDs. A reasonable consumption of muesli may provide primary prevention of CVDs.